Chicham languages

Language family spoken in Peru and Ecuador From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Chicham languages, also known as Jivaroan (Hívaro, Jívaro, Jibaro), is a small language family of northern Peru and eastern Ecuador, in Amazonas, Cajamarca, Loreto, and San Martin, Peru and the Oriente region of Ecuador.

Geographic
distributionPeru
Linguistic classificationOne of the world's primary language families
(Macro-Jibaro ?)
Subdivisions
Glottologjiva1245
Quick facts Geographic distribution, Linguistic classification ...
Chicham
"Jivaroan"
Geographic
distribution		Peru
Linguistic classificationOne of the world's primary language families
(Macro-Jibaro ?)
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologjiva1245
Chicham (violet) and Cahuapanan (pink) languages. Spots are documented locations, shadowed areas probable extension in 16th century.
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Genetic relations

The extinct Palta language was classified as Chicham by Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño about 1940 and was followed by Čestmír Loukotka. However, only 4 words are known, and Kaufman (1994) states that there is "little resemblance".

The most promising external connections are with the Cahuapanan languages and perhaps a few other language isolates in proposals variously called Jívaro-Cahuapana (Hívaro-Kawapánan) (Jorge Suárez and others) or Macro-Jibaro or Macro-Andean (Morris Swadesh and others, with Cahuapanan, Urarina, Puelche, and maybe Huarpe).

The unclassified language Candoshi has also been linked to Chicham, as David Payne (1981) provides reconstructions for Proto-Shuar as well as Proto-Shuar-Candoshi. However, more recently, linguists have searched elsewhere for Candoshi's relatives .[citation needed]

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Quechuan, Kwaza, Taruma, Yanomami, Katukina-Katawixi, Kandoshi, Tupi, and Arawan language families due to contact. This suggests that Chicham had originated further downstream in the Central Amazon region.[1]

Family division

Chicham consists of four languages:

1. Shuar
2. Achuar-Shiwiar
3. Awajun
4. Huambisa

Mason (1950)

Internal classification of the Chicham languages by Mason (1950):[2]

  • Chicham
    • Aguaruna
      • Alapico
      • Indanza
      • Iransa
      • Maranza
      • Santiago
      • Patocuma
      • Chiguasa
      • Yuganza
    • Wambisa
      • Uambisa
      • Cherembo
      • Chirapa
      • Chiwando
      • Candoa
      • Cangaime
      • Mangosisa
    • Achuale
      • Capawari
      • Copatasa
      • Machine
      • Pindu
      • Wampoya
    • Antipa
    • Maca
      • Walakisa
      • Zamora
      • Pintuc
      • Ayuli
      • Morona
      • Miazal
    • Upano
    • Bolona
    • Bracamoro (Pacamuru)

Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[1]

(† = extinct)

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Chicham languages.[3]

More information gloss, Palta ...
glossPaltaShuaraHuambisaAchualGualaquizaUpanoAguaruna
one chikichikakítsiktikichishikitikitikídyi
two xímerhímerximárahimiːrahima
three manéndiukkombaːtãkahvatonminendukampátu
head múgamókmugwámúkamók
ear kuíshkuíshikuíshkwechekuishikuwísh
tooth nérnáyinaiinaiñái
man nunaaíshmanuashmangaíshmangashmanoaishmanoaíshmo
water yumayumiyumiyumiyumeyuméyúmi
fire kapalxihíxihihí
sun atsaátsaitsãítsaétsaitsã
maize xemeshaʔashashashayasha
house héahíahíaxéayéahína
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Proto-language

Payne's (1981) Proto-Shuar reconstruction is based on data from Shuar, Achuar, Aguaruna, and Huambisa, while his Proto-Shuar-Candoshi reconstruction also integrates data from Candoshi and Shapra.

For reconstructions of Proto-Shuar and Proto-Shuar-Candoshi by Payne (1981), see the corresponding Spanish article.

References

Bibliography

External links

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