He studied medicine and natural sciences in Munich, Tübingen, Berlin and Paris, receiving his medical doctorate from the University of Munich in 1861. As a student, his influences included pathologist Rudolf Virchow and chemist Justus von Liebig. In 1863 he obtained his habilitation with the thesis, Galvanischen Leitungswiderstand des lebenden Muskels, and spent the following years conducting physiological studies on tetanus and human nutrition. In 1868 he published a textbook on human physiology, titled Grundzüge der Physiologie des Menschen.[1]
As a lecturer at the anatomical-physiological institute in Munich, he gave lectures on anthropology and general natural history (1863–69). He became an associate professor on the latter subject in 1869. From 1876 onward, his interests dealt almost entirely with problems associated with prehistory and anthropology. He made numerous contributions in his research of the physical anthropology associated with prehistoric Bavaria, being especially interested in studies of human skull forms. From his anthropological research, he was opposed to the racial ideology theories espoused by Arthur de Gobineau and Houston Stewart Chamberlain.[1] In 1886, he attained the first university chair of anthropology in all of Germany.[2] In 1886–87 he published an acclaimed two-volume textbook on scientific anthropology, called Der Mensch.[1]
He was editor of the Beiträge zur Anthropologie und Urgeschichte Bayerns, the Archiv für Anthropologie, and the Korrespondenzblatt of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anthropologie.[3] In 1885 he created the "prehistoric division" within the Paläontologischen Sammlung des Staates; in 1889 the prehistoric collection had become an independent entity.[1]
