John of Valenciennes
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John of Valenciennes (fl. 1243–1267) was a baron and diplomat of the kingdom of Jerusalem. He began in the service of the Latin emperor Baldwin II, before joining Louis IX of France on the Seventh Crusade. He was the lord of Haifa by marriage from 1257 until 1265. On behalf of the kingdom of Jerusalem, he led a major fundraising effort in Europe in 1261–1264. He served Louis IX as a diplomat to Mamluk Egypt (1250–1251), England (1264), the Papacy (1266) and Sicily (1267).
John was born in Europe.[1] He began his career in the empire of Constantinople.[2] In 1243, he lent money to the Emperor Baldwin II, as is known from a letter Baldwin sent to Blanche of Castile.[3] Although prominent in Baldwin's entourage, he was never granted a Greek or imperial title.[4] In June 1247 at the abbey of Salzinnes in Namur, Baldwin, who was the advocatus of Mehaigne (Éghezée), gave a part of the tithe of Mehaigne to John as part of settling a debt. In July at Chambéry, having settled all his outstanding debts, Baldwin received a new loan from John for 3,433 livres.[5]
Holy Land
John subsequently served King Louis IX of France as a royal sergeant during the Seventh Crusade.[2] In 1250 and 1251, he was dispatched on two diplomatic missions to Mamluk Egypt.[6] His goal was to secure the release of prisoners from the crusade and to enforce compliance with the terms of the treaty of 1 May 1250, which had brought the crusade to an end.[7] John of Joinville describes the first negotiations thus:
He demanded that the emirs make amends for the insults and injuries they had inflicted on the king. They said that they would do so willingly so long as the king would ally himself with them against the sultan of Damascus. My lord John of Valenciennes berated them strongly for the great outrages they had committed against the king, which I have already described, and advised them that it would be wise to release all the knights they were holding in prison, so as to soothe the king's heart towards them. This they did, and they also sent all the bones of Count Walter of Brienne for burial in consecrated ground.[8]
John returned from his first embassy in October 1250 with 25 Hospitallers, 15 Templars, 10 Teutonic Knights, 100 other knights and 600 other prisoners.[9] The grand master of the Hospital, Guillaume de Chateauneuf, was among those released at this time.[10] John was dispatched on a return mission after February 1251.[11] He demanded that the sultan cancel the remaining 200,000 livres that Louis owed him.[12] He returned with the gift of an elephant and zebra for Louis as well as 3,000 prisoners in exchange for the release of 300 Egyptian prisoners.[13] He also brought back some children who had been captured and were being raised as Muslims. The remaining ransom was waived.[14]
By 1257, John had become lord of Haifa, probably by marrying the widowed heiress, Helvis, whose sister was married to John of Arsuf. Later records show John as a close ally of John of Arsuf.[15] John's activity as lord of Haifa and one of the most important barons of the kingdom of Jerusalem can be traced in documents until the mid-1260s.[16]