Josef Selmayr

Selmayr was born to a Catholic family from Bavaria, as the son of the pharmacist Josef Selmayr (1877–1927) and Josefine née Betz (1879–1938). His grandfather Georg Selmayr (1852–1920) was the brother of the last mayor of Bogenhausen, now a district of Munich, also named Josef Selmayr.

He became a professional soldier in 1924 during the Weimar Republic and served in a number of administrative posts in the interwar period and the Second World War. He became a captain in the late 1930s and a major around 1942, and was promoted to colonel near the end of the war. He eventually served as a staff officer on the general staff of Army Group F in the Balkans and in the Foreign Armies East military intelligence organization, which focused on analyzing the Soviet Union and other East European states. He received the German Cross in Gold and the Iron Cross First Class and Second Class. At the end of the war he initially became an American prisoner of war, but was later transferred to British control. He was never a member of any political party; political activities were forbidden for members of the military, a policy dating back to the establishment of the Weimar Republic and that was enforced until 1944.^[1]

In 1946, he was delivered as prisoner of war from the British army to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, at the time a one-party state allied with Stalin.^[2] In late 1948 he was sentenced by a Yugoslav military tribunal to 15 years in prison as a war criminal, but was released about a year later in 1950. Selmayr recounted his experiences in Tito's Yugoslavia in the book Die grosse Pause: Deutsche Soldaten in Titos Gewalt; according to the book he and his fellow soldiers were essentially hostages of the Yugoslav communist regime and he described the trials that took place there as political show trials based on political charges produced by the country's communist regime and unrecognised under international law; he and the other soldiers were released following the Tito–Stalin Split and the realignment of Yugoslav foreign policy that resulted in better relations with West Germany, after Chancellor Konrad Adenauer had negotiated with the Yugoslav government for the repatriation of the remaining German prisoners of war.^[3]

In 1950 he made it back to West Germany, and in 1951 he was employed by the Gehlen Organization, a CIA-affiliated intelligence agency focused on the East European communist regimes, especially the Soviet Union. He served with the CIA as an expert on the Eastern European communist regimes. The Gehlen Organization was transferred from the CIA to the West German government and became the Federal Intelligence Service a year after Selmayr left the organization.

In 1955 he was promoted to brigadier general in the West German Bundeswehr and appointed as the first director of the Military Counterintelligence Service, serving in the position for nine years until 1964. He is credited with building the organization.^[4] He thus became one of the first general officers of the Bundeswehr, one of the founders of the modern German military and one of the founders of the modern German Intelligence Community.

Josef Selmayr has been described as a close associate of Reinhard Gehlen; in the early days of the Cold War Gehlen succeeded in gaining a monopoly for himself in the West German intelligence community, and he succeeded in getting his confidant Selmayr appointed as director of the Military Counterintelligence Service, which was formally part of the military and separate from the Federal Intelligence Service, where Gehlen was president.^[5]