Joseph Mason (artist)

Joseph Mason, who is listed in some sources as Joseph R. Mason, was born in Delaware, Ohio, the son of Joseph Wilson Mason (a bookseller), and later moved to Cincinnati, Ohio.^[1][3]

When Audubon came to Cincinnati for a short time in 1820, Mason became his pupil, showing exceptional talent, especially as a draftsperson.^[3][4][5] Audubon later wrote in a letter to his wife that Mason had a "fine" talent for painting and "draws flowers better than any man probably in America, thou knowest I do not flatter young artists much, I never said this to him, but I think so".^[2]: 122 Audubon hired Mason as his assistant to paint the floral backgrounds of his bird pictures as they traveled south down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to New Orleans.^[4] A good shot, Mason also undertook other expedition duties, shooting many specimen birds as well as rowing the boat and ferrying supplies.^[6]

During the two years he traveled with Audubon (October 1820 to August 1822), Mason painted, by his own reckoning, between 150 and 200 background watercolors for Audubon.^[2]: 127 Over 50 of these were used, uncredited, in Audubon's book of 450 bird paintings.^[4] For example, for Audubon's study of two blue yellow-backed warblers (now known as northern parula birds; plate 15 of Birds of America), Mason painted an image of Iris fulva, the copper iris, which Audubon called Louisiana flag.^[7] Similarly, plate 73 shows Mason's painting of a branch of Magnolia grandiflora (southern magnolia, called by Audubon great magnolia) on which is perched a Canada warbler (called by Audubon Bonaparte's flycatching warbler).^[2]: 129 A former curator of the National Gallery of Art considers that Mason's backgrounds significantly contribute to the scientific worth of Audubon's project because of how they help to establish scale, proportion, and environment.^[1]

It appears that Audubon may not have intended to give Mason credit for his work, as he had Mason sign his name in pencil while he signed his own name to the finished works in ink.^{[3][1][2]: 129} By the mid 1830s, Mason was unhappy with how Audubon had treated him,^[2]: 124 and in 1834 he wrote of Audubon in a letter to the author and critic John Neal:

I looked on him as my greatest friend; and it never once entered my mind that he would do me injustice when he came to publish his work. This it appears he has done.^[2]: 126

Neal would go on to express serious reservations about Audubon's honesty and trustworthiness in several 1835 issues of The New England Galaxy, of which he was then senior editor.^[2]: 124 Among other things, he alleges that Audubon had promised Mason that his name would be on the relevant plates of The Birds of America.^[2]: 131

Mason returned to Cincinnati in 1822 to assist his mother, who was then newly widowed.^[4] Mason lived in Cincinnati for the remainder of his life except for a couple of years in Philadelphia (1829–32) and short trips to Michigan (1840–41) and Indiana (1841).^[3] He established himself as a private art teacher and portrait painter; this later work is rather wooden compared to his botanical paintings.^[3][8]