Joseph White (psychologist)

Joseph White was born on December 19, 1932, in Lincoln, Nebraska to Dorothy Lee and Joseph L. White Sr. At a very young age, his family moved to Minneapolis where they remained until White's mother sent him to San Francisco to live with his aunt after completing high school.^[1] White only intended to work as a waiter; however, his aunt, Reverend Margaret Brown, suggested that he go to college.^[2]

Joseph White received his BA from San Francisco State University, and his PhD in clinical psychology at Michigan State University in 1961.^[3] Paying an admission cost of $14.25. White was a good athlete in high school which earned him a job working at a playground in a city neighborhood.^{[citation needed]} This is where he found his love for psychology.^{[citation needed]} Ivan Pavlov was an influential psychologist for White, likely being his earliest influence in regards to psychology.^[4]

After he finished at San Francisco State, White served 24 months in the military. He did not immediately get accepted into graduate school. Luckily, San Francisco State was creating a Master's program and agreed to admit him to the program and help him gain admission to a doctorate program. Two years later, he was accepted at Michigan State.^[4]

White recalled the reactions of people in psychology to him as hesitant, since he was the only African American in many programs. People did not think that Black students had the advanced capacity to do graduate level work. He attempted to get some of his required classes waived because of his work at San Francisco State but Michigan State would not honor this request. He was well rounded and took many classes in his major at San Francisco and as a result ended up at the top of his class at Michigan State.

While his main field of study was clinical psychology, White focused a lot of his attention on aiding and supporting disadvantaged students of color in their path to acquire knowledge by developing curriculum that caters to the needs of students of color.^[5] In his quest to reform the education system, White rejects the use of white middle class norms in determining the standards of education.^[6] While at California State University, Long Beach, White helped in establishing the Educational Opportunities Program (EOP) which became a program implemented across the California State University campuses.^[5] Dr. White started the EOP program in 1967; they had 200 students in their first cohort.^[7]

In 1968, White helped found the Association of Black Psychologists along with a few other Black Psychologists during the 1968 conference of the American Psychological Association. "We cannot depend on them to define us. We have to take charge and define ourselves. We need to build our own psychology."^[8] This quote was a result of the meeting of those few Black Psychologists who saw a need for change in how psychology is applied to Blacks. During this same time, while serving as a professor and dean of undergraduate studies, White yielded to the needs of the students in helping to establish the first Black Studies Program during the 1968 strike at San Francisco State University.^[5]

White wrote on a variety of topics within the field of Black psychology. Topics included family, youth, and therapeutic counseling interventions for Black persons.^[9][10][11] In addition to his research, Joseph White was a professor who had been a practicing psychologist as well as a consultant. White had worked as a psychologist to five hospitals and three clinics in Southern California and over the years had served as a consultant for school districts, universities, private organizations, drug prevention programs, and government agencies.^[12]

Joseph White's 1970 article "Toward a Black Psychology", published in Ebony Magazine, was a seminal document in the formation of African-American Psychology as a professional field and the rise of ethnic and cultural psychology. The article argued that whatever the future of race relations and the destiny of Black people, the creation of a Black Psychology was necessary because the psychology created by White people could never adequately apply to African-Americans. This is because White psychologists would fail to account for the lived Black experience. One example White uses in the text is the idea of White psychologists assuming a black child is under-educated based on how the child uses grammar and syntax rather than understanding the child is speaking from an African-American English dialect. White went further to point out that the application of mainstream White psychology to Black people resulted in weakness-oriented deficit finding, rather than an accurate appraisal of the situation of people of African descent.^[13]

White died on 21 November 2017 from a heart attack on a plane while flying to visit his family in St. Louis, Missouri for Thanksgiving.^[14]

His first wife and mother to his three children, Lori, Lisa, and Lynn, was Myrtle Escort White. His second wife of over thirty years was Lois White.^[3]