Kalhora dynasty
Sunni Muslim dynasty in the region of Sindh
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The Kalhora dynasty (Sindhi: ڪلهوڙا خاندان, romanized: Kalhōṛā khāndān) was a Sindhi Muslim dynasty based in the region of Sindh in present day Pakistan. From 1701 to 1783, their capital was Khudabad after which it was shifted to Hyderabad.[2] They were assigned to hold authority by the Mughal Grand Vizier Mirza Ghazi Beg.[3]
Kalhora dynasty ڪلهوڙا خاندان | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1701–1783 | |||||||||
Black standard | |||||||||
| Capital | Khudabad (1710–1768) Haiderabad (1768–1783) | ||||||||
| Official languages | Sindhi[1] | ||||||||
| Government | Nobility | ||||||||
| Nawab (Mian) | |||||||||
• 1701–1719 | Yar Muhammad Kalhoro | ||||||||
• 1775–1783 | Abdul Nabi Kalhoro | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1701 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1783 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
History
Kalhora governance of Sindh began around the start of the 18th century when Yar Muhammad Kalhoro was invested with title of Khuda Yar Khan and was made Subahdar of Upper Sindh by royal decree of the Mughals. Later, after his death, his son was additionally appointed Subahdar of Sehwan and thus oversaw most of Sindh.[4]
The Kalhora dynasty succumbed during the invasion of Nader Shah. Sind was then conquered by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1748–1750 making the Sind State a vassal under the suzerainty of the Durrani Empire.[5][6]
The Kalhora nawabs also took part in the historic Third Battle of Panipat as part of the victorious Islamic coalition.[7] Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro brought stability to Sindh as he restructured the state.[8] Ghulam Shah's successors couldn't control Sindh for long and were overthrown by Talpurs mirs in the Battle of Halani. Abdul Nabi Kalhoro was the last Kalhora ruler.[4] Abdul Nabi Kalhoro went on to govern Layyah and Bhakkar from 1787 to 1790 after defeating the Jaskani tribe.[9][10][11][12]
In 1793, the Afghan ruler Timur Shah died and was succeeded by Zaman Shah who demanded from Abdul Nabi arrears of Rs. 1 lakh & twenty thousand. Abdul Nabi failed to pay the dues and also did not comply with the other orders of the Afghan court, and as a result his Jagir was cancelled and granted to Nawab Muhammad Khan Saddozai.[9]
According to Ḳāniʿ, who visited their court, the Kalhora spoke Sindhi in court.[1]
Rulers
| Personal Name | Reign | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| From | Until | ||
| Yar Muhammad Kalhoro | 1700 | 1720 | Younger son of Nasir Kalhora |
| Noor Mohammad Kalhoro | 1720 | 1756 | Son of Yaar Muhammad. Sultan and Sufi Saint of Kalhoro Dynasty. Kalhora Dynasty Declared as an Independent State by Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah in 1736. |
| Muhammad Muradyab Kalhoro | 1756 | 1758 | Son of Noor Muhammad. |
| Ghulam Shah Kalhoro | 1758 | 1772 | Son of Noor Muhammad. |
| Sarfaraz Kalhoro | 1772 | 1775 | Son of Ghulam Shah. |
| Abdul Nabi Kalhoro | 1775 | 1782 | Son of Sarfaraz Kalhoro. |