Ghosh was born in 1946 into a musical family in the present-day Raozan Upazila of Chittagong. Her father's name was Manomohan Chowdhury and her mother's name was Lilabati Chowdhury. Of the couple's eight children, six of them, including her, were artists of Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra: Uma Khan, Probal Chowdhury, Swapon Chowdhury, Devi Chowdhury, and Purnima Das. Kalyani started learning music from her mother at the age of five. She was a student of the first batch of the Bengali department of University of Chittagong.[4]
In 1971, during the Bangladesh Liberation War, Ghosh was teaching at the prestigious St. Placid's School in Chittagong. After the independence of Bangladesh, she was listed as a regular artist on Bangladesh Television and Bangladesh Betar. She later retired in 2005 as the deputy director of Bangla Academy.[5]
Ghosh was awarded the Ekushey Padak by the government of Bangladesh in 2024. Recipient of the 'Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy Award' and the 'Shahid Smriti Sangskritik Parishad Award'. She has performed in many countries around the world, including India, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Kalyani has released several albums, including Swadhinotar Gaan and Amar Sonar Bangla.
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