Karluk languages
Sub-branch of the Turkic language family
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Karluk or Qarluq languages are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family that developed from the varieties spoken by Karluks, an ancient people present in Central Asia in the 5th-8th centuries CE.[1] By far the largest languages of this branch are Uzbek and Uyghur.
distributionCentral Asia
- Western Karluk
• Northern Uzbek
• Southern Uzbek - Eastern Karluk
• Äynu
• Ili Turki
• Uyghur - Intermediate
• Tor Tajik
| Karluk | |
|---|---|
| Qarluq, Southeastern Turkic, Turkestan Turkic | |
| Geographic distribution | Central Asia |
| Linguistic classification | Turkic
|
Early forms | |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | uygh1241 |
Uzbek Uyghur Ili | |
Many Middle Turkic works were written in these languages. The language of the Kara-Khanid Khanate was known as Turki, Ferghani, Kashgari or Khaqani. The language of the Chagatai Khanate was the Chagatai language.
Karluk Turkic was once spoken in the Kara-Khanid Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Timurid Empire, Mughal Empire, Yarkent Khanate and the Uzbek-speaking Khanate of Bukhara, Emirate of Bukhara, Kokand Khanate, Khiva Khanate, Maimana Khanate.[2]
Classification
Languages
- Uzbek – spoken by the Uzbeks; approximately 44 million speakers [3]
- Uyghur – spoken by the Uyghurs; approximately 8–11 million speakers [4]
- Ili Turki – moribund language spoken by Ili Turks, who are legally recognized as a subgroup of Uzbeks; 120 speakers and decreasing (1980)
- Chagatai – An extinct language which was once widely spoken in Central Asia, it remained a shared literary language across more than one culture there until the early 20th century.
- Karakhanid – A literary language of the Kara-Khanid Khanate (9th to the early 13th century), it is considered a standard form of Middle Turkic.[5]
- Khorezmian Turkic – literary language of the Golden Horde that is considered a preliminary stage of the Chagatai language.
| Proto-Turkic | Common Turkic | Karluk | Western | |
| Eastern | ||||
| Old |
Glottolog v.5.2 refers to the Karluk languages as "Turkestan" and classifies them as follows:[6]
| Turkestan |
| ||||||||||||
