Keith Hart (anthropologist)

Hart studied for two years the Frafra people of Northern Ghana made famous as the Tallensi by his department head, Meyer Fortes, and submitted his PhD thesis in 1969. His doctoral research focused on the life histories of small- to medium-sized entrepreneurs in urban Ghana.^[7] This work laid the foundation for the concept of the informal economy an idea he introduced in the early 1970s to describe economic activities outside formal state regulation. He initially presented the idea at a conference in Sussex in 1971, aiming to translate ethnographic insights into terms intelligible to economists.^[8]

Several commentators pointed out that this was the idea of Hart’s conference paper, ‘Informal income opportunities and urban employment in Ghana’, published a year later in 1973.^[9] He intended to focus analytical and empirical attention on the interaction of the formal/informal pair, not to found a concept defining a new and separate field of study.^[10] He therefore ignored the idea’s growing prominence until the late 1990s. In the first decade of the new century, the general focus turned to dynamic linkages between formal and informal branches of local economy. Hart published several comparative essays on this relationship. But ‘the informal economy’ as a label citing his 1973 paper persists as an academic and bureaucratic field of study until now.^[11] Hart taught at a dozen universities, including East Anglia, Manchester, Yale, Michigan, McGill, Chicago and Goldsmiths, and for 14 years at the University of Cambridge, later as Centennial Professor of International Development at the London School of Economics.^[12] At the University of Pretoria, he co-directed the Human Economy Programme for doctoral and postdoc fellows aiming to develop alternatives to mainstream economics.^[13]

Hart is best known for pioneering the concept of the informal economy through his ethnographic research in West Africa, especially Ghana, during the 1970s.^[14] His work highlighted the significance of informal employment and economic practices outside of formal state or corporate systems. This contribution influenced development studies, anthropology, geography, sociology and policy discussions on employment and economic inclusion.^[15]