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Kháng language

Austroasiatic language spoken in Vietnam From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kháng (Chinese: 抗语), also known as Mang U', is an Austroasiatic language of Vietnam.[2] It is closely related to the Bumang language of southern Yunnan, China.

NativetoVietnam
RegionSơn La and Lai Châu provinces
EthnicityKhang
Native speakers
14,000 (2009 census)[1]
Quick facts Native to, Region ...
Kháng
Mang U'
Native toVietnam
RegionSơn La and Lai Châu provinces
EthnicityKhang
Native speakers
14,000 (2009 census)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3kjm – inclusive code
Individual code:
xao – Khao
Glottologkhan1274
ELPKháng
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Classification

Paul Sidwell (2014)[3] classifies Khang as Palaungic, although Jerold Edmondson (2010) suggests it is Khmuic.

Kháng is most closely related to Bumang (Edmondson 2010).

Distribution

Kháng speakers are an officially recognized ethnic group in Vietnam,[4] and officially numbered 10,272 in 1999.

The Kháng are distributed in the following districts of northwest Vietnam in Sơn La Province and Lai Châu Province:[5]

Tạ (2021) contains a phonology and word list of the Kháng dialect of Nậm Mu village, Phình Sáng commune, Tuần Giáo district, Điện Biên province.[6]

Phonology

Consonants

Onsets /kʰw, sw, hw/, and coda /ɰ/ are apparently limited to borrowings (Vietnamese and Tai).[7]

Onsets

More information Labial, Alveolar ...
Khang onsets[8]
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive plain p t c k ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
voiced b d
Fricative voiceless f s (ʃ) (x) h
voiced v z
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Lateral l
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Codas

More information Bilabial, Alveolar ...
Khang codas
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p t k ʔ
Nasal m n ŋ
Lateral l
Approximant w j (ɰ)
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Vowels

More information Front, Central ...
Khang vowels[8]
Front Central Back
Close i ɯ u
Mid e ə o
Open ɛ ă, a ɔ
Diphthongs [iə] [ɯə] [uə]
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Additionally, the following diphthongs can be found: /iɤ/, /ɯɤ/, /uɤ/.

Suprasegmentals

Kháng also has eight tones in total, six of which appear on "live syllables" - open syllables or syllables ending with sonorants, and the other two are limited to "dead syllables" - syllables ending in the oral stops /p t k/.[6] Each tone also carries with it a specific register affecting the phonation of the syllable.

The live syllable tones are as follows:

  • [ ˥ ] - high, level, modal voice
  • [ ˩ˀ] - low, level, ending in a glottal stop
  • [ ˧˥ˀ] - high-rising, ending in a glottal stop
  • [ ˧˩ˀ] - low-falling, ending in a glottal stop
  • [ ˧˨˧ ] - mid-dipping, modal voice
  • [ ˨˩˨ ] - low-dipping, creaky voice

The dead syllable tones are as follows:

  • [ ˦˧ ] - high-falling
  • [ ˩˨ ] - low-rising

Syllable structure

The Khang lexicon is dominated by monosyllables though di- and trisyllabic compound words are common. The maximal word template is Ci(Cm)V(Cf)T.[9]

References

Further reading

External links

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