Close-mid front unrounded vowel
Vowel sound represented by ⟨e⟩ in IPA
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The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is â¨eâ©.
| Close-mid front unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| e | |||
| IPA number | 302 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | e | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0065 | ||
| X-SAMPA | e | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
For the close-mid front unrounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol â¨Éªâ© or â¨iâ©, see near-close front unrounded vowel. If the usual symbol is â¨eâ©, the vowel is listed here.
Features
- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
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Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[2] | bed | [bet] | 'bed' | Typically transcribed in IPA with â¨Éâ©. The height varies between close-mid [e] and mid [ÉÌ].[2] See Afrikaans phonology |
| Arabic | Standard | Ù Ùجۡر۪ÙÙ°ÙÙا/majrÄhÄ | [madÍ¡Ê.reË.haË] | See imalah | |
| Azerbaijani | gecÉ/گئج٠| [ÉeËdÍ¡Êæ] | 'night' | ||
| Bengali | à¦à§à¦à¦¾ | [bʱdÊÉ] | 'wet' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[3] | [example needed] | |||
| Breton | eget[4] | [eËÉ¡et] | 'than' | ||
| Catalan[5] | séc | [Ësek] | 'fold' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Shanghainese[6] | 该/kè | [keÌ ÊË©] | 'should' | Near-front; realization of /É/, which appears only in open syllables. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɪ/ ([ɪÌ]), which appears only in closed syllables.[6] |
| Chuvash | ÑÑеÑмен/ereÅmen | [erÉÊ'mÉnʲ] | 'spider' | ||
| Danish | Standard[7][8] | hæl | [ËheËËl] | 'heel' | Typically transcribed in IPA with â¨ÉËâ©. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Belgian[9] | vreemd | [vreËmt] | 'strange' | In the Netherlands often diphthongized to [eɪ]. See Dutch phonology |
| English | Australian[10] | bed | [bed] | 'bed' | See Australian English phonology |
| New Zealand[11] | The height varies from near-close in broad varieties to mid in the Cultivated variety.[11] See New Zealand English phonology | ||||
| General American[12] | may | [meË] | 'may' | Most often a closing diphthong [eɪ].[12] | |
| General Indian[13] | Realized closer to [jÌe]. | ||||
| General Pakistani[14] | Can be a diphthong [eɪ] instead, depending on speaker. | ||||
| Geordie[15] | |||||
| Scottish[16] | |||||
| Singaporean[17] | |||||
| Ulster[18] | Pronounced [ÉË~iÉ] in Belfast. | ||||
| Some Cardiff speakers[19] | square | [skweË] | 'square' | More often open-mid [ÉË].[19] | |
| Scouse[20] | May (less commonly) be less open [ɪË] or more open [ÉË] instead[21] | ||||
| Scottish[16] | bit | [bëÌÊ] | 'bit' | Near-front,[16] may be [ɪ] (also [É]) instead for other speakers. | |
| Cockney[22] | bird | [bÉÌÌËd] | 'bird' | Near-front; occasional realization of /ÉË/. It can be rounded [ÅÌË] or, more often, unrounded central [ÉÌË] instead.[22] Typically transcribed in IPA with â¨ÉËâ©. | |
| Estonian[23] | keha | [ËkeɦÉÌË] | 'body' | See Estonian phonology | |
| French[24][25] | beauté | [bot̪e] | 'beauty' | See French phonology | |
| German | Standard[26][27] | Seele | â | 'soul' | See Standard German phonology |
| Many speakers[28] | Jäger | [ËjeËÉ¡É] | 'hunter' | Outcome of the /ÉËâeË/ merger found universally in Northern Germany, Eastern Germany and Eastern Austria (often even in formal speech) and in some other regions.[28] See Standard German phonology | |
| Southern accents[29] | Bett | [bÌ¥et] | 'bed' | Common realization of /É/ in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria.[29] See Standard German phonology | |
| Swabian accent[29] | Contrasts with the open-mid [É].[29] See Standard German phonology | ||||
| Greek | Sfakian[30] | [example needed] | Corresponds to mid [eÌ] in Modern Standard Greek.[31] See Modern Greek phonology | ||
| Hebrew[32] | ××/ken | [keÌn] | 'yes' | Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | Hindi | तà¥à¤à¤¼/tez | [t̪eËz] | 'fast', 'sharp' | See Hindustani phonology |
| Urdu | تÛز/tez | ||||
| Hungarian[33] | hét | [heËt̪] | 'seven' | Also described as mid [eÌË].[34] See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian | Standard[35] | stelle | [Ës̪t̪elle] | 'stars' | See Italian phonology |
| Khmer | áá»ááá / turen | [tureËn] | 'durian' | See Khmer phonology | |
| Korean | ë©ì리 / meari | [meÉɾi] | 'echo' | See Korean phonology | |
| Limburgish | Most dialects[36][37][38] | leef | [leËf] | 'dear' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. |
| Lithuanian | tÄtÄ | [t̪eËt̪eË] | 'father' | 'Tete' and 'tÄtis' are more commonly used than 'tÄtÄ.' | |
| Malay | Standard | kecil | [kÉ.tÍ¡Êel] | 'small' | Allophone of /i/ in closed-final syllables. May be [ɪ] or [eÌ] depending on the speaker. See Malay phonology |
| habis | [ha.bes] | 'run out' | Allophone of [ɪ]. See Malay phonology | ||
| Malayalam | à´àµà´µà´¿/Äevi | [ȶ͡ÉeÊi] | 'ear' | See Malayalam phonology | |
| Marathi | à¤à¤/ek | [e:k] | 'one' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Norwegian | le | [leË] | 'laugh' | The example word is from Urban East Norwegian.[39][40] See Norwegian phonology | |
| Mpade[41] | faÉe | [faÉe] | 'night' | ||
| Persian | سÙ/se | [se] | 'three' | ||
| Polish[42] | dzieÅ | â | 'day' | Allophone of /É/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[43] | mesa | [ËmezÉ] | 'table' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian | umple | [Ëumple] | 'to fill' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[44] | ÑеÑ/Å¡eja | â | 'neck' | Close-mid [e] before and between soft consonants, mid [eÌ] after soft consonants.[44] See Russian phonology | |
| Saterland Frisian[45] | tään | [teÌ Ën] | 'thin' | Near-front; typically transcribed in IPA with â¨ÉËâ©. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɪ/ ([ɪÌ]). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with â¨eËâ© is actually near-close [eÌË].[45] | |
| Slovene[46] | sedem | [ËsèËdÉm] | 'seven' | See Slovene phonology | |
| Sotho[47] | ho jwetsa | [hÊÌ ÊÊ·etÍ¡sʼÉÌ] | 'to tell' | Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.[47] See Sotho phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[48][49] | se | [s̪eË] | 'see' | Often diphthongized to [eÉ̯] (hear the word: â). See Swedish phonology |
| Tahitian | vahine | [vahine] | 'woman' | ||
| Tamil | à®à¯à®µà®¿/Äevi | [ȶ͡ÉeÊi] | 'ear' | See Tamil phonology | |
| Ukrainian | еÑÑÌÑний efirný | [eËfirnɪj] | 'ethereal' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Welsh | chwech | [ÏweËÏ] | 'six' | See Welsh phonology | |
| Yoruba[50] | [example needed] | ||||