King James Cleveland
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King James Cleveland (1754 – 1791) was King of the Banana Islands in Sierra Leone.[1] He was active as a slave trader.[2][3]: 98
James Cleveland was born to William Clevland, an Anglo-Scot, and Ndamba, a Kissi woman, on the Banana Islands off Sierra Leone.[4] His father had been working as a trader for the Royal African Company. His ship went aground off the Banana Islands in 1730. Settling there with other survivors, his father appointed himself as king.[5][6][self-published source] William Clevland sent his son James to school in Liverpool, England.[7]
Political power
When Cleveland returned to Sierra Leone, the young man was initiated into the Poro society of men in the Banana Islands. Through the Poro, he recruited an army with which to attack his rival Charles Caulker, whom he killed and decapitated.[8]
Cleveland married a woman of the Caulker family, and had a son, William, named after James' father. However, when James died, the succession of his son was contested by Stephen Caulker.
William Cleveland served as king from 1791 to 1797, when he was killed by Caulker. Also the mixed-race descendant of an English trader and an African woman of high rank, Caulker and his family established a powerful political dynasty in Sierra Leone, becoming involved in mainland affairs.[1]
James Cleveland and his wife also had a daughter, who died shortly after her marriage to Henry Smeathman.[9]: 37
References
- 1 2 Ben M. Cahoon, "Sierra Leone Traditional States", World Statesmen.org website, accessed 29 April 2014
- ↑ David Eltis and David Richardson (2010), Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-030012460-6
- ↑ David Eltis and David Richardson (2015), Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 2nd Edition, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0300212549;
- ↑ Caulker-Burnett, The Caulkers of Sierra Leone, p. 56
- ↑ Garber, Melbourne (2016). "Banana, Bonthe, Bunce Islands and Sierra Leone's Other Islands – Their History and Inter-Relatedness during the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade" (PDF). The Journal of Sierra Leone Studies. V (1). Retrieved 29 March 2023.
- ↑ Imodale Caulker-Burnett, The Caulkers of Sierra Leone: The Story of a Ruling Family and Their Times (Xlibris, 2010), p. 32
- ↑ Mouser, Bruce (2004). "African academy 1799–1806". History of Education. 33 (1). doi:10.1080/00467600410001648797. S2CID 144855979.
- ↑ Christopher Fyfe, A Short History of Sierra Leone (London: Addison-Wesley Longman, 1962).
- ↑ Braidwood, Stephen J. (1994). Black Poor and White Philanthropists: London's Blacks and the foundation of the Sierra Leone settlement, 1786-1791. UPSO eCollections (University Press Scholarship Online). Liverpool: Published for the Department of History, University of Liverpool [by] Liverpool University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-84631-729-3. OCLC 872394133.
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