Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County
Autonomous county in Liaoning, China
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Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County (simplified Chinese: 宽甸满族自治县; traditional Chinese: 寬甸滿族自治縣; pinyin: Kuāndiàn Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn; Manchu: ᡴᡠᠸᠠᠨᡩᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᠪᡝᠶᡝ ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᠰᡳᠶᠠᠨ; Möllendorff: kuwandiyan manju beye dasangga siyan) is a county of eastern Liaoning province, China, bordering North Korea to the southeast and Jilin in the northeast. It is under the administration of Dandong City, the centre of which lies 75 kilometres (47 mi) to the southwest, and is served by China National Highway 201. In Kuandian is the Hushan Great Wall, the most easterly section of the Great Wall of China. A short reconstruction of the wall is open to tourists. The area has an abandoned airstrip that was used by the Chinese airforce during the Korean War.
Kuandian
宽甸县 ᡴᡠᠸᠠᠨᡩᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠰᡳᠶᠠᠨ | |
|---|---|
宽甸满族自治县 ᡴᡠᠸᠠᠨᡩᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᠪᡝᠶᡝ ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᠰᡳᠶᠠᠨ Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County | |
| |
 Location in Dandong City | |
  Kuandian Location of the county seat in Liaoning | |
| Coordinates: 40°44′N 124°47′E | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Liaoning |
| Prefecture-level city | Dandong |
| County seat | Kuandian Town |
| Area | |
• Total | 6,193.7 km2 (2,391.4 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 284 m (932 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
• Total | 334,636 |
| • Density | 54.028/km2 (139.93/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 118200 |
| Website | www |
As of 2009, the county's population was 434,900 people.[2]
History
The area of present-day Kuandian belonged to the Yan state during the Warring States period, and was then brought under the Liaodong Commandery in the Qin Dynasty.[3]
From the Eastern Han Dynasty until 408 CE, the southern part of the county was incorporated under the rule of various Chinese dynasties.[3] The area became part of Goguryeo in 408 CE, and afterwards became part of the Tang Dynasty's Protectorate General to Pacify the East.[3]
The county's name originates from the Kingdom of Balhae, when the area was known as Kuandianzi (Chinese: 寬甸子).[3]
The area would come under the reign of the Liao dynasty, then the Jin dynasty, and then the Yuan dynasty.[3]
In 1467, the Ming Dynasty built a defensive wall in the eastern part of the region that terminated at the Yalu River.[3] Various forts were added in 1546 and 1573.[3]
Kuandian County was established in 1876 under Fenghuang Subprefecture (Chinese: 鳳凰廳).[3] The area belonged to Fengtian Province (奉天省) during the early days of the Republic of China.[3]
The county was put under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Dandong in 1965.[3] Kuandian County was approved as an autonomous county in September 1989, becoming the Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County.[3]
Administrative divisions
There are 19 towns, 2 townships and 1 ethnic township in the county.[4] The county's seat of government is located in the town of Kuandian.[2]
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Manchu | Möllendorff | Korean |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Towns | |||||
| Kuandian Town | 宽甸镇 | Kuāndiàn Zhèn | ᡴᡠᠸᠠᠨᡩᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | kuwandiyan kadalangga | 관전진 |
| Guanshui Town | 灌水镇 | Guànshuǐ Zhèn | ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠨ ᡧᡠᡳ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | guwan šui kadalangga | 관수진 |
| Penghai Town | 硼海镇 | Pénghǎi Zhèn | ᡦᡝᠩ ᡥᠠᡳ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | peng hai kadalangga | 붕해진 |
| Hongshi Town | 红石镇 | Hóngshí Zhèn | ᡥᠣᠩ ᠰᡥᡳ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | hong shi kadalangga | 홍스진 |
| Maodianzi Town | 毛甸子镇 | Máodiànzǐ Zhèn | ᠮᠠᠣ ᡩᡳᠠᠨᡯᡳ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | mao diandzi kadalangga | 모전자진 |
| Changdian Town | 长甸镇 | Zhǎngdiàn Zhèn | ᠴᠠᠩ ᡩᡳᠠᠨ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | cang dian kadalangga | 장전진 |
| Yongdian Town | 永甸镇 | Yǒngdiàn Zhèn | ᠶᠣᠩ ᡩᡳᠠᠨ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | yong dian kadalangga | 영전진 |
| Taipingshao Town | 太平哨镇 | Yǒngdiàn Zhèn | ᡨᠠᡳ ᡦᡳᠩ ᡧᠣ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | tai ping šo kadalangga | 태평초진 |
| Qingshangou Town | 青山沟镇 | Qīngshāngōu Zhèn | ᠴᡳᠩ ᠰᠠᠨ ᡤᠣᡠ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | cing san gou kadalangga | 청산구진 |
| Niumaowu Town | 牛毛坞镇 | Niúmáowù Zhèn | ᠨᡳᡠᠮᠠᡠᠸᡠ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | niumauwu kadalangga | 우모坞진 |
| Dachuantou Town | 大川头镇 | Dàchuāntóu Zhèn | ᡩᠠ ᠴᡠᠠᠨ ᡨᠣᡠ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | da cuan tou kadalangga | 대천두진 |
| Qingyishan Town | 青椅山镇 | Qīngyǐshān Zhèn | ᠴᡳᠩ ᡳ ᡧᠠᠨ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | cing i šan kadalangga | 청의산진 |
| Yangmuchuan Town | 杨木川镇 | Yángmùchuān Zhèn | ᠶᠠᠩ ᠮᡠ ᠴᡠᠠᠨ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | yang mu cuan kadalangga | 양목천진 |
| Hushan Town | 虎山镇 | Hǔshān Zhèn | ᡥᡠ ᡧᠠᠨ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | hu šan kadalangga | 호산진 |
| Zhenjiang Town | 振江镇 | Zhènjiāng Zhèn | ᠵᡝᠨ ᠵᡳᠠᠩ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | jen jiang kadalangga | 진강진 |
| Budayuan Town | 步达远镇 | Bùdáyuǎn Zhèn | ᠪᡠ ᡩᠠ ᠶᡠᠠᠨ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | bu da yuan kadalangga | 보달원진 |
| Daxicha Town | 大西岔镇 | Dàxīchà Zhèn | ᡩᠠ ᡧᡳ ᠴ᠋ᠠ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | da ši c'a kadalangga | 대서차진 |
| Bahechuan Town | 八河川镇 | Bāhéchuān Zhèn | ᠪᠠ ᡥᡝ ᠴᡠᠸᠠᠨ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | ba he cuwan kadalangga | 팔하천진 |
| Shuangshanzi Town | 双山子镇 | Shuāngshānzǐ Zhèn | ᡧᡠᠠᠩ ᡧᠠᠨ ᡯᡳ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠ | šuang šan dzi kadalangga | 쌍산자진 |
| Townships | |||||
| Shihugou Township | 石湖沟乡 | Shíhúgōu Xiāng | ᠰᡥᡳ ᡥᡠ ᡤᠣᡠ ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ | shi hu gou gašan | 석호구향 |
| Gulouzi Township | 古楼子乡 | Gǔlóuzǐ Xiāng | ᡤᡠᠯᠣᡠᡯᡳ ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ | guloudzi gašan | 고루자진 |
| Ethnic Townships | |||||
| Xialuhe Korean Ethnic Township | 下露河朝鲜族乡 | Xiàlùhé Cháoxiǎnzú Xiāng | ᠰᡳᠠ ᠯᡠ ᡥᡝ ᠴᠣᠣᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᡴᠰᡠᡵᠠᡳ ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ | sia lu he coohiyan uksurai gašan | 하로하조선족향 |
Geography
Kuandian occupies the eastern half of Dandong City and is situated among the Changbai Mountains, on the northwest (right) bank of middle-lower reaches of the Yalu River, across which it borders the North Korean provinces of North Pyongan and Chagang. Domestically, it borders Ji'an (Jilin) to the northeast, Fengcheng to the west, Benxi to the northwest, and Huanren County to the north. It has a total area of 6,193.7 km2 (2,391.4 sq mi) and 216.5 km (134.5 mi) of the Sino-Korean border.[5]
Climate
Kuandian has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa) characterised by very warm, humid summers, due to the monsoon, and long, cold, and very dry winters, due to the Siberian anticyclone. The four seasons here are distinctive. A majority of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August. The monthly 24-hour average temperatures ranges from −11.3 °C (11.7 °F) in January to 22.6 °C (72.7 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 7.5 °C (45.5 °F). Due to the mountainous location, temperatures tend to be cooler, and summer rainfall is heavier. The average relative humidity is 71%, and the frost-free period is 140 days.
| Climate data for Kuandian, elevation 260 m (850 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2025) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 7.7 (45.9) |
14.5 (58.1) |
22.6 (72.7) |
28.3 (82.9) |
32.6 (90.7) |
35.7 (96.3) |
36.5 (97.7) |
35.0 (95.0) |
31.4 (88.5) |
27.0 (80.6) |
19.1 (66.4) |
9.2 (48.6) |
36.5 (97.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −3.5 (25.7) |
0.4 (32.7) |
6.8 (44.2) |
15.5 (59.9) |
21.7 (71.1) |
25.3 (77.5) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.6 (81.7) |
23.5 (74.3) |
16.1 (61.0) |
6.2 (43.2) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
13.8 (56.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.6 (12.9) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
0.8 (33.4) |
8.8 (47.8) |
15.3 (59.5) |
19.9 (67.8) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.6 (72.7) |
16.9 (62.4) |
9.1 (48.4) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
7.7 (45.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −16.4 (2.5) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
2.2 (36.0) |
9.0 (48.2) |
14.8 (58.6) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.5 (65.3) |
11.4 (52.5) |
3.2 (37.8) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
−13.2 (8.2) |
2.3 (36.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −34.0 (−29.2) |
−30.2 (−22.4) |
−20.8 (−5.4) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
6.4 (43.5) |
10.4 (50.7) |
5.9 (42.6) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
−22.3 (−8.1) |
−27.7 (−17.9) |
−34.0 (−29.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 9.4 (0.37) |
18.2 (0.72) |
23.8 (0.94) |
50.5 (1.99) |
84.2 (3.31) |
128.6 (5.06) |
275.4 (10.84) |
273.1 (10.75) |
84.8 (3.34) |
60.4 (2.38) |
40.7 (1.60) |
15.7 (0.62) |
1,064.8 (41.92) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 4.3 | 5.2 | 6.3 | 8.1 | 10.5 | 13.3 | 16.3 | 14.0 | 7.7 | 8.0 | 7.3 | 6.0 | 107 |
| Average snowy days | 6.4 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 1.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 4.7 | 7.4 | 32.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 67 | 64 | 60 | 58 | 65 | 75 | 84 | 83 | 77 | 71 | 70 | 69 | 70 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 189.4 | 187.5 | 219.7 | 217.6 | 241.1 | 198.3 | 154.9 | 187.8 | 213.6 | 192.8 | 152.3 | 159.8 | 2,314.8 |
| Percentage possible sunshine | 63 | 62 | 59 | 54 | 54 | 44 | 34 | 45 | 58 | 57 | 52 | 56 | 53 |
| Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[6][7] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[5] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
Ethnic groups
Historic population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1907 | 176,018 | — |
| 1915 | 197,039 | +11.9% |
| 1932 | 324,680 | +64.8% |
| 1940 | 236,748 | −27.1% |
| 1949 | 302,714 | +27.9% |
| 1953 | 294,594 | −2.7% |
| 1964 | 348,814 | +18.4% |
| 1982 | 431,096 | +23.6% |
| 1985 | 436,001 | +1.1% |
| 1991 | 444,609 | +2.0% |
| 2005 | 437,651 | −1.6% |
Population censuses in the county have been undertaken since 1907.[8] The county's population has declined since its peak of 444,609 people in 1991.[2][8]
Urbanization
During the People's Republic of China, the county's urban population, and proportion of people living in urban environments has grown significantly. In 1949, the year the People's Republic of China was proclaimed, 1.8% of the county's population lived in urban areas.[8] By 1953, this rose to 4.0%.[8] In 1982, 9.2% of the county's population lived in urban areas, which rose to 15.3% by 1985, 23.8% by 1991, and 25.5% by 1995.[8] At 2005, 23.7% of the county's population lived in rural areas.[8]
Economy
Transport
National Highway 201 and the Tieling–Changdian Highway (Chinese: 铁长线) passes through the county. The county is also served by Fenghuangcheng–Shanghekou Railway (凤上铁路).[2]
Notable people
- Yu Zhenwu (born 1931) - pilot
- Tian Xueren (born 1947) - politician
- Zhang Jiehui (born 1957) - politician
- Zhang Shaochun (born 1958) - politician
- Zhu Yuchen (born 1961) - business executive
- Wang Qiang (1975-2005) - serial killer
- He Xiangyu (born 1986) - contemporary artist
- Jin Jingzhe (born 1963) - physician, politician