Kumanovo dialect

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The Kumanovo dialect (Macedonian: Кумановски дијалект, Kumanovski dijalekt) is a member of the eastern subgroup of the Northern group of dialects of Macedonian. It belongs to the so-called Prizren-Timok dialects, also known as Torlakian.[1] The dialect is typical for the northern dialect of Macedonian and is very well known because of the use of some cases, such as the locative case. The Kumanovo dialect is spoken mainly in the city of Kumanovo and the surrounding villages. The dialect is closely related to the neighboring Kriva Palanka dialect. The Kumanovo dialect can be found in literary works, such as the famous play “Lenče Kumanovče” written by Vasil Iljoski in 1928.[2] The Kumanovo dialect is especially popular as a source of humor in the spoken media, whereas the print media tend to favor Western dialect forms for humorous anecdotes and quotations in local news stories.[3] The most significant example where the Kumanovo dialect is used in a humorous way is the festival Tumba Fest.

  • use of A instead of E: трева / treva > трава / trava;
  • use of the letter U instead of the letter A as a reflex of Proto-Slavic *ǫ: рака / raka > рука / ruka (hand), пат / pat > пут / put (road);
  • the old syllabic L is changed into U/ LU/ LA: волк / volk > вук / vuk (wolf), сонце / sonce > слăнце / sl'nce (sun).
  • use of palatal J at the beginning of the word: јазик / jazik > език / ezik (tongue),[4]

Morphological characteristics

  • use of the suffix -V in third-person plural: тие имаа / tie imaa > они имава/имасва / oni imava/imasva (they had);
  • use of the suffix E for plural feminine nouns instead of the suffix -I: торби/ torbi > торбе / torbe (bags).
  • Use of KUDE instead of KADE (where).
  • Use of the forms gu and ga instead of the forms go and i: њега га виде / njega ga vide (I saw him).[5]

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns
Number Person Subject

Nominative

Direct Complement

Accusative

Indirect Complement
no preposition

Dative

preposition
full short full short

possessive

Singular First ја мене ме на мене ми мене
Second ти тебе те на тебе ти тебе
Third Masculine он њега га на њега му њега
Feminine она њума гу на њума ву њума
Neuter оно њега га на њега му њега
Plural First ми нас нѐ на нас ни нас
Second ви вас ве на вас ви вас
Third они њима ги на њима ги њима

Possessive pronouns

Examples of the dialect

References

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