Leonard Parrington

Parrington relinquished the acting rank of major on 13 October 1919 and went on to serve in the post-war occupation of Germany.^[10][5] He was appointed to the temporary rank of staff captain on 20 September 1920 and relinquished this on 1 April 1921.^[11][12] Parrington was seconded for service with the Territorial Army reserve force on 18 April 1923, serving as adjutant of the 58 (Essex and Suffolk) Medium Brigade RGA.^[13][14] He attended the Gunnery Staff Course from 31 August 1926.^[15] Parrington left that role on 31 August 1926 and returned to the regular army on 26 September 1927, joining the Royal Artillery as the RGA had since been merged with the Field Artillery.^[16][17]

Parrington was seconded to the Indian Artillery School on 29 December 1927.^[18] He left that post on 29 December 1931 and returned to the British Army on 24 February 1932.^[19][20] Parrington was promoted to major on 9 July 1933.^[21] He was appointed an assistant instructor at the Royal School of Artillery on 19 June 1937 and was immediately seconded to the British military mission to the Egyptian Army.^[22][23] Parrington was granted the local rank of lieutenant-colonel on 1 December 1938, to be held whilst serving with the mission.^[24]

Shortly after the start of the Second World War Parrington was promoted, on 2 October 1939, to the substantive rank of colonel.^[25] He was promoted to the acting rank of brigadier in March 1941.^[1] As part of Operation Lustre Parrington was deployed with British Empire forces to Greece, to oppose the anticipated German invasion and commanded a base at Larissa.^[1][5] By late April 1941 Allied forces had been pushed back to Kalamata, from which they were being evacuated by sea.^[1] Parrington was senior Allied officer on the beachhead and in command of the evacuation.^[1][26]

New Zealand Sergeant Jack Hinton reported to Parrington's headquarters on 28 April, as the Germans were entering the port, cutting off the evacuation route. Parrington told Hinton to surrender, to which he replied "Surrender? Go and jump in the bloody lake!".^[26] Parrington warned Hinton he could have him court martialled for speaking to a senior officer like that upon which Hinton said "if you're not careful I'll have you court-martialled for talking surrender" before leaving. Hinton went on to storm a German machine gun post and an artillery position, before being wounded and captured; he was awarded the Victoria Cross for his bravery.^[26] Parrington surrendered the following day, one of 8,000 men captured by the Germans at Kalamata.^[1][27]

In captivity Parrington was ordered by Major-General Victor Fortune to visit a number of "holiday camps" set up by the Germans for prisoners of war, to ascertain what the purpose of the camps was. This included a site at Genshagen, Brandenburg, which was being used by the Schutzstaffel (SS), to seek recruits for their British Free Corps.^[27]

Parrington visited Genshagen in August 1943. He did not discover the recruitment operation and gave the prisoners permission go on escorted parole to visit Berlin.^[27] A speech Parrington made to the prisoners stated that "he knew the purpose of the camp" and that the inmates were not to worry about it, was wrongly interpreted by Free Corps members as an indication that he approved of the unit.^[27] Parrington, who did not enjoy his visits to the camps, also told the prisoners they had a duty to escape, where possible.^[1]

Parrington's visit led to him being proposed, unknowingly and unwillingly, to SS leader Heinrich Himmler by SS general Gottlob Berger as a possible commander for the Free Corps. Berger claimed Parrington had "the reputation of being both enthusiastically and sincerely devoted to the Fuhrer". Parrington was likely known to New Zealand Free Corps member Roy Courlander, who had also been captured at Kalamata.^[1]

Parrington's acting rank ceased shortly after the end of the war in Europe in May 1945.^[1] He retired from the army on 15 March 1946 and was granted the honorary rank of brigadier.^[28] Parrington left the Reserve of Officers on 24 February 1948, upon reaching the age limit of 58 years.^[29] In 1963 Parrington won a libel case against history writers Anthony Heckstall-Smith and Vice-Admiral Harold Baillie-Grohman and publisher Anthony Blond who he said had cast doubts on his courage and ability at Kalamata in their book Greek Tragedy '41.^[30] Parrington died in 1979.^[31] His seven-volume diary covering the period 1915 to 1941 is in the collection of the Imperial War Museums.^[5]