Leonardo Morlino

He graduated in Political Science and specialized in comparative politics with Giovanni Sartori.

He has been Professor of Political Science at the Faculty of Political Science "Cesare Alfieri" of the University of Florence from 1971 to 2006. There, he served as Dean of the Faculty of Political Science from 1992 to 1995, and as Vice-Rector for Research and Deputy Rector from 2003 to 2006. He was also Director of the Interuniversity Research Center on Southern Europe (CIRES).

He has been Professor of Political Science at LUISS "Guido Carli" University from 2012 to 2018, later becoming Emeritus Professor of Political Science at the same university. There, he held the position of Vice-Rector for Research and contributed to the development of the Luiss School of Government.

He has been President of the Italian Political Science Association (SISP) from 1998 to 2001, and the first Italian President of the International Political Science Association (IPSA) from 2009 to 2012.

He has been a visiting professor at Stanford University, New York University, the Institut d'Études Politiques in Paris, the Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales and the Juan March Institute in Madrid, and a fellow at Nuffield College and Yale University.

During Pinochet's dictatorship, and throughout the democratic transition, Morlino actively participated in the work of the Centro de Estudios de la Realidad Contemporánea (CERC) in Santiago, Chile, directed by Carlos Huneeus, as well as in the meetings of the Vicaría de la Solidaridad, promoted by Cardinal Raúl Silva Henríquez. These two institutions played a decisive role in shaping the new Chilean democracy and in the training its future leaders.^[2]

He authored over 45 books and more than 230 journal articles and book chapters, on changes in political regimes, democratization processes, the quality of democracy, equality in contemporary democracies. They have been published in English, French, German, Spanish, Hungarian, Chinese, Mongolian, and Japanese.^[3]

His most recent books include Inequalities in European Democracies (Oxford University Press, forthcoming; with F. Raniolo); Equality, Freedom, and Democracy (Oxford University Press, 2020); Comparison: A Methodological Introduction for the Social Sciences (Barbara Budrich Publisher, 2018); The Impact of Economic Crisis on South European Democracies (Palgrave, 2017); How Economic Crisis Changes Democracy. Evidence from Southern Europe (Palgrave, 2017, with F. Raniolo); The Quality of Democracies in Latin America (International IDEA, 2016); Changes for Democracy: Actors, Structures, Processes (Oxford University Press, 2011); Democracias y Democratizaciones (CIS, 2008); International Actors, Democratization and the Rule of Law: Anchoring Democracy? (Routledge, 2008, with A. Magen); Democratization and the European Union. Comparing Central and Eastern European Post-Communist Countries (Routledge, 2010, with W. Sadurski); Introduzione alla ricerca comparata (Il Mulino, 2005) and Democracy Between Consolidation and Crisis. Parties, Groups, and Citizens in Southern Europe (Oxford University Press, 1998).

Morlino died on 18 June 2025, at the age of 77.^[4]

Morlino developed the theory of anchoring^[5] to understand how and why there can be democratic consolidation or democratic crisis, the processes of legitimation and of anchoring should be carefully explored. The key proposition is that to achieve consolidation with a limited legitimation strong anchors are needed. The main anchoring mechanisms we can empirically find are: party organization, clientelism, neo-corporatist arrangements, and party control of interests. Other possible anchors include: a strong leader, a successful tv channel, an internet networking skillfully managed. Likewise, there is an internal crisis of democracy when for a number of different reason the existing anchors fade away, i.e. there is a de-anchoring. In case of crisis this phenomenon is usually compounded by delegitimation in terms of dissatisfaction about the implemented policies or of a decisional stalemate.

According to Morlino a good democracy is, first of all, a regime widely legitimized and stable, where citizens are fully satisfied because the elected rulers are capable and able to respond to their needs and questions (quality as result). If institutions are still challenged, attention, energy will be absorbed by the needs and objectives of its consolidation or maintenance. In addition, its citizens and communities enjoy freedom and equality beyond the minimum(quality as content). Third, citizens of a good democracy must be able to monitor and evaluate it through elections (electoral accountability) or indirectly (mutual control among the institutions) if and how the two values of freedom and equality are achieved through the full compliance with the current rules, the so-called rule of law, their efficient implementation, effectiveness in decision-making along with the political responsibility for the choices made by elected elites in relation to the questions raised by the civil society (quality as procedure ). Citizens, experts, scholars with different ideal conceptions of democracy can check which of the qualities listed above best suit their ideals and to what extent those qualities are implemented in a certain country at a certain time, using the empirical research conducted by Morlino.^[6]

He has been awarded the Dartmouth Medal - Honorable Mention (Library Journal Best Reference 2011) for The International Encyclopedia of Political Science (Sage).

He held Doctorates Honoris Causa from the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) (La Paz, Bolivia), the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Lima, Peru), the University of Bucharest (Bucharest, Romania), the Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero (UAGRO), México.

Morlino has been the recipient of the Award for Scientific Achievements in Political Science by the Chilean Association of Political Science and of the Award for Academic Achievements and Contribution to the Development of Political Science by the Sociedad Argentina de Analisis Politico (Buenos Aires, Argentina).

He has been appointed Profesor Honorario of the Universidad Nacional de la Matanza (Buenos Aires, Argentina) and Honorary Member of Tunisian Association of Political Science, as well as life member of the International Political Science Association (IPSA) and of Mexican Association of Political Sciences (AMECIP).

He has been conferred the title of Huésped de Honor of the city of Buenos Aires (Argentina) and Visitante Distinguido of the city of Puebla (Mexico).

The Facultad de Derecho at the Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro in Mexico hosts a "Cátedra Leonardo Morlino sobre estudios de la democratización", dedicated to the analysis and reflection on democracy and democratization in Latin America and beyond.^[7]

Author:

10.2020 – Equality, Freedom and Democracy. Europe After the Great Recession, Oxford, Oxford University Press (Italian translation: Bologna, Il Mulino, 2021).

9.2018 – Comparison. An Methodological Introduction for the Social Sciences,Leverkusen  and London, Barbara Budrich Publisher (Italian translation: Bologna, Il Mulino, 2020).

8.2014 – La calidad de las democracias en América Latina. Informe para IDEA (English translation: The Quality of Democracies in Latin America. A Report for IDEA, 2016) Stockholm, International IDEA.

7.2011 – Changes for Democracy. Actors, Structures and Processes, Oxford, Oxford University Press (reprinted 2012; Italian translation, 2014; Spanish translation 2019).

6.2005 – Introduzione alla ricerca comparata, Bologna, Il Mulino (Spanish translation 2010; French translation 2013).

5.2003 – Democrazie e democratizzazioni, Bologna, Il Mulino (first Spanish translation 2005, second Spanish edition 2009; Romanian transl. 2015).

4.1998 – Democracy Between Consolidation and Crisis. Parties, Groups, and Citizens in Southern Europe, Oxford, Oxford University Press (Italian translation: Bologna, Il Mulino, 2008).

3.1985 – Como cambian los regimenes politicos, Madrid, CEC (revised Spanish version of 1980   book).

2.1981 – Dalla democrazia all’autoritarismo. Il caso spagnolo in prospettiva comparata, Bologna, Il Mulino.

1.1980 –  Come cambiano i regimi politici. Strumenti di analisi, Milan, Angeli Editore.

Co-author:

11.2026 (forthcoming) - Inequalities in European Democracies, Oxford, OUP

10. 2022 – Disuguaglianza e democrazia, Milan, Mondadori.

9.2022 – Per la partecipazione dei cittadini. Come ridurre l’astensionismo e agevolare il voto, Roma, Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri.

8.2017 – The Impact of the Economic Crisis on South European Democracies, London, Palgrave (Italian transl: Bologna, Il Mulino, 2018).

7.2017 – Political Science, Thousand Oaks and London, Sage Publications (Italian transl. 2018).

6.2009 – Qualità della Democrazia e Innovazione Locale, Padova, Edizioni Sapere.

5.2004 – Fondamenti di Scienza Politica, Bologna, Il Mulino.

4.2001 – Scienza Politica, Bologna, Il Mulino (new ed. 2008).

3.2001  – Rights and the Quality of Democracy in Italy. A Report, Stockolm, IDEA.

2.1990 – Le elezioni nel mondo 1982-1989, Florence, Edizioni della Giunta Regionale Toscana.

1.1986 – Manuale di Scienza della Politica, Bologna, Il Mulino (Spanish transl.: Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1988).

Editor:

7. 2009 – Istituzioni, Partiti, e Società civile, by Seymour M. Lipset, Bologna, Il Mulino.

6.2000 – Transizione e consolidamento democratico, by J.J. Linz e A. Stepan, Italian translation, Bologna, Il Mulino.

5.1998 – Un’occasione mancata? Intervista sulle riforme costituzionali to Giovanni Sartori, Bari, Laterza.

4.1997/2004 – Partiti e sistemi di partito in Italia. Le trasformazioni organizzative, 4 voll., Bologna, Il Mulino.

3.1995 – Laurea in Scienze Politiche. Identità e sbocchi professionali, Firenze, Editrice La Giuntina.

2.1991 – Costruire la democrazia. Gruppi e partiti in Italia, Bologna, Il Mulino.

1.1989 – Scienza Politica, Turin, Edizioni della Fondazione Agnelli.

Co-editor:

23.2021 – L’illusione della scelta. Come manipolare l’opinione pubblica in Italia, with Michele Sorice, Roma, Luiss University Press.

22.2020 – The Politics of the Eurozone Crisis in Southern Europe. A Comparative Reappraisal, with C. Sottilotta, London, Palgrave Macmillan (Italian translation: Bologna, Il Mulino, 2020).

21.2020 – Calidad de la democracia en América Latina. Una nueva mirada, with Gloria de     la Fuente and Marianne Kneuer, Santiago (Chile), Fondo de Cultura Económica.

20.2020 – Polarización, radicalización y populismo, with Marcelo Cavarozzi and Juan Russo, a special issue of Revista Euro latinoamericana de Análisis Social y Político (RELASP), 1 (1).

19.2020 – Handbook of Political Science, with Dik Berg-Schlosser and Bertrand Badie, Thousand Oaks and London, Sage Publications, 3 vols.

18.2020 – The politics of the Eurozone crisis in Southern Europe: A comparative reappraisal, with Cecilia Sottilotta, London, Palgrave MacMillan (Italian transl: Bologna, Il Mulino, 2020).

17.2017 –  Calidad de la Democracia en América Latina, Curitiba (Brazil), Editora CRV.

16.2015 – The American Exceptionalism Revisited, Rome, Viella.

15.2013 – La qualità della democrazia in Italia, Bologna, Il Mulino.

14. 2011 – The quality of Democracy in Asia Pacific, with Björn Dressel Riccardo Pelizzo, a    special issue of International Political Science Review, Thousand Oaks and London, Sage Publications.

13.2011 –  Dealing with the Legacy of Authoritarianism: The ‘Politics of Past’ in Southern European Democracies. Comparative Perspectives, London, Routledge (paperback ed. 2013).

12.2011 –  International Encyclopedia of Political Science, with Bertrand Badie and Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Thousand Oaks and London, Sage Publications, 8 volls.

11.2010 –  The ‘Politics of the Past’ in Southern European Democracies. Comparative Perspectives, a special issue of South European Society and Politics, 15 (3).

10.2010 – Democratization and the European Union. Comparing Central and Eastern European post-communist countries, London, Routledge.

9.2010 –  Rule of Law and Democracy: Internal and External Issues, special issue of Comparative Sociology, vol. 9, no.1; also expanded ed., Rule of Law and Democracy: Inquiries into Internal and External Issues, Leiden and Boston, Brill.

8.2008 –  International Actors, Democratization and the Rule of Law. Anchoring Democracy?, London and New York, Routledge (paperback ed. 2009).

 7.2007 –  Party Change in Southern Europe, London and New York, Routledge.

 6.2006 –  Partiti e caso italiano, Bologna, Il Mulino.

 5.2006 –  Europeizzazione e rappresentanza territoriale. Il caso italiano, Bologna, Il Mulino.

 4.2005 –  Assessing the Quality of Democracy. Theory and Empirical Analysis, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press (Mongolian translation 2007).

 3.1994 –  L’Italia fra crisi e transizione, Bari, Laterza.

 2.1991 – La comparazione nelle scienze sociali, Bologna, Il Mulino (Spanish trans.: Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1994).

 1.1991 –  Democrazia e partiti in America Latina, Milano, Angeli.

107.2024 – “Contemporary Hybrid Regime”, in New Eastern Europe, 63 (5): pp. 14–18.

106.2023 – “Studiare la democrazia attraverso paradossi” in LMDP. La meraviglia del possibile, I (3): pp. 59–63.

105.2022 – “La crisi della democrazia USA: tra polarizzazione e politica internazionale”, in Nomos. Le attualità del diritto, 2:1-6.

104.2022 – “La sfida populista tra rivendicazionismo e richiami identitari”, with F. Raniolo, Nazioni e Regioni. Studi e ricerche sulla comunità immaginata, 19-20:11-30.

103.2021 – “Ripensare la rappresentanza: la manipolazione digitale” in Digital Politics, 1(1).

102.2020 – “¿Una nueva ola autoritaria? Radicalización y neopopulismos en Europa y América Latina”, with Juan Russo, in Revista Euro latinoamericana de Análisis Social y Político (RELASP), 1 (1): pp. 17–34.

101.2020 – “Crisi economica, disuguaglianza generazionale e conseguenze politiche”, with Francesco Raniolo, in SINAPPSI - Connessioni tra ricerca e politiche pubbliche, 9 (3):14-24.

101.2020 – “Neopopulismo y calidad de la democracia”, with Francesco Raniolo, in Estancias. In Revista de Investigación en Derecho y Ciencias Sociales, 1 (1), 15-52.

100.2019 – “Southern Europe and the Eurozone Crisis Negotiations: Preference Formation and Contested Issues”, with Cecilia Sottilotta, South European Society and Politics, 24(1):1-28.

99.2018 – “Las democracias en America Latina: un balance con consecuencias políticas”, in SocietàMutamentoPolitica. Rivista Italiana di Sociologia, 9 (17):  27-42.

98.2017 – “Why transitions to democracy fail? A tribute to Pietro Grilli”, in Italian Political Science, online, 1.09.

97.2016 – “What is the impact of the economic crisis on democracy? Evidence from Europe”, with Mario Quaranta, in International Political Science Review, 37 (5): 618-33.

96.2015 – “Qualidades da democracia: como analisá-las”, in Sociedade e Cultura, 18 (2):177-194.

95.2015 – “Dissenso e Magistratura”, in Questione Giustizia, 4:75-83.

94.2015 – “Transiciones democraticas: entre cuestiones teόricas y análisis empirico”, in Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 39:17-42.

93.2015 – “Transitions to Democracy. What Theory to Grasp Complexity?”, in Historein, 15(1): 13-31.

92.2015 – “Changes for Democracy: Are There Hibrid Regimes?”, Central European Political Science Review, 16 (60): 14-49.

91.2015 – “¿Como Analizar las calidades democraticas?”, in Revista Latinoamericana de Política Comparada, 10: 13-36.

90.2014 – “Economic Crisis in a Stalemated Democracy: The Italian Case”, with D. Piana, in American Behavioral Scientist, 58 (12):1657-1682.

89.2014 – “The Non-Procedural Determinants of Responsiveness”, with M. Quaranta, in West European Politics, 37 (2): 331–360.

88.2013 – “On Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson “Why Nations Fail”. A Politological Reading”, in Stato e Mercato, 33(3): 495-502.

87.2013 – “Linz: what have we learnt from him?”, in Italian Political Science (http://italianpoliticalscience.com), 8(2).

86.2013 – “The impossible transition and the unstable new mix: Italy 1992–2012”, in Comparative European Politics, 11(3): 337–359.

85.2012 – “Calidad Democrática entre Lίderes y Partidos”, in Revista Paraguaya de Sociología, 137: 43-66.

84.2011 – “Observando las diferentes calidades de la democracia”, in Revista Mexicana de Analisis Politico y Administracion Publica, 1(1): 9-48.

83.2011 – “Quality of Democracy in Asia-Pacific: Issues and Findings”, with R. Pelizzo, in The quality of democracy in Asia-Pacific, a special issue of International Political Science Review, 32 (5):491-511.

82.2011 –  “Per non dimenticare Bentley: dai gruppi alle politiche”, in Rivista Italiana di Politiche Pubbliche, 10 (2): 397-406.

81.2011 – “Analyzing Democratic Qualities”, in Central European Political Science Review, 12 (44): 9-45.

80.2010 – “Authoritarian Legacies, Politics of Past, and Quality of Democracy in Southern Europe: Open Conclusions”, in South European Society and Politics, 15 (3): 507-529.

79.2010 – “Autorità e legittimità tra consolidamento e crisi”, in Rassegna Italiana di Sociologia, 51 (4): 571-598.

78. 2009 – “Legitimacy and the Quality of Democracy “, in International Social Science Journal, 60 (June):211-222.

77.2009 – “The Quality of Democracy: An Agenda for Future Research?” in Participation, 33 (2): 3-4

76.2009 – “La classificazione dei regimi politici: fondamenti teorici e sviluppi empirici”, in Quaderno dell’Associazione per gli studi e le ricerche parlamentari, 19: 75-88.

75.2009 – “Transition from democracy to democracy: is it possible in Italy?”, in Bulletin of Italian Politics, 1 (1): 7-27.

74.2009 – “The Quality of Democracies in Europe. A Research Report”, in Italian Political Science, 2 (3):1-6.  

73.2009 – “La Calidad de la Democracia”, in Claves de Razón Prática, 193: 26-35.

72.2009 – “Are There Hybrid Regimes? Or Are They Just An Optical Illusion?” in European Political Science Review, 1 (2):273-96.

71.2008 – “¿Regímenes Híbridos o Regímenes en Transición?”, in Sistema, 207: 3-22.

70.2008 – “Democracia, Calidad, Seguridad: Presupuestos Y Problemas”, in Sistema,  203-204: 21-34.

69.2008 – “Regimi Ibridi o regimi in transizione?” in Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 38 (2): 169-190.

68.2008 – “Democracy and Changes: How Research Tails Reality”, in West European Politics, 31(1-2): 40-59.

67.2007 – “Explicar la calidad democrática: ¿qué tan relevantes son las tradiciones autoritarias?”, in Revista de Ciencia Política, 27 (2), 3-22.

66.2007 – “La qualità della democrazia: presupposti e problemi teorici”, in  Quaderno dell’  Associazione per gli studi e le ricerche parlamentari. Seminario 2006, 17: 129-41.

65.2006  – (co-author), “What Changes in South European Parties. A Comparative Introduction”, in Party Change in Southern Europe, a double special issue of South European Society and Politics, 11 (3-4): 331-358.

64.2006 – (coauthor), “Europeanization and Territorial Representation in Italy”, in West European Politics, 29 (4): 757-783.

63.2006 – (coauthor), “Européisation et représentation territoriale en Italie”, in Pôle Sud, 24 (1): 99-120.

62.2005 – “Anchors, Anchoring and Democratic Change”, Comparative Political Studies,  38 (7): 743-770. (Spanish transl.: “Anclaje institucional y consolidaciόn democrática”, in Temas Selectos de la Teoria Politica Contemporanea, edited by Gabriel Pérez, Ediciones Eόn, Mexico City, 2013)

61.2005 – “Spiegare la qualità democratica: quanto sono rilevanti le tradizioni autoritarie?”, in Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 25 (3): 191-212 .

60. 2004 – “Giappone e Italia: quale comparazione, quale teoria? Commento a ‘Machiavelli’s Children. Leaders and Their Legacies in Italy and Japan’ di Richard J. Samuels“,in Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 24 (2): 285-90.

59.2004 – “Alternativas No Democraticas” in Postdata. Revista de Reflexión y Análisis Político, December:149-183.

58.2004 – “The Quality of Democracy. An Overview”, with L. Diamond, special issue of Journal of Democracy, 15 (4): 20-31.

57.2004 – “What is a ‘Good’ Democracy?”, special issue of Democratization, 11(5): 10-32.

56.2004 – “’Good’ and ‘Bad’ Democracies: How to Conduct Research into the Quality of Democracy”, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 20 (1): 5-27.

55.2003 – “What is a “Good” Democracy? Theory and the Case of Italy”,  South European Society & Politics, 8 (3): 1-32.

54.2003 –  ”Effets de l’Européanization sur la représentation politique en Europe du Sud”, Pole Sud, 19: 79-96.

53.2002 – “Democratic Anchoring: How to Analyze Consolidation and Crisis”, Central European Political Science Review, 3 (10): 6-39.

52.2002 – “Democrazia e spiegazioni”, Quaderno di Studi Parlamentari, Associazione per gli studi e le ricerche parlamentari, 13: 199-213.

51.2002 – “Crisi democratica e teoria dell’ancoraggio”, Quaderno di Studi Parlamentari, Associazione per gli studi e le ricerche parlamentari, 12: 101-118.

50.2001 – “Consolidamento Democratico: la teoria dell’ancoraggio”,  Quaderni di Scienza Politica, 8 (2): 217-47.

49.2001 - “Consolidation Démocratique: La Théorie de l’Ancrage ”, Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée, 8 (2): 245-267.

48.2000 – “Consolidaciòn democratica: la teorìa del anclaje”, Revista Argentina de Ciencia Politica, 4: 9-34.

47.2000 – “Architectures constitutionelles et politiques democratiques en Europe de l’Est”, Revue FranVaise de Science Politique, 50 (4-5): 679-711.

46.2000 – “How we are or how we say that we are. The post-war comparative politics of Hans Daalder and others”, European Journal of Political Research, 37 (4): 497-516.

45.1998 - “Come siamo ovvero come ci raccontiamo. La politica comparata di Daalder, e altri (1945-1995)”, Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 28 (3): 543-566.

44.1997 - “Is There an Impact? And Where is it? Electoral Reform and the Party System in Italy”, South European Society and Politics, 2 (3): 103-131.

43.1996 - “Crisis of Parties and Change of Party System in Italy”, Party Politics, 2 (1): 5-30.

42.1996 - “The Dissatisfied Society. Protest and Support in Italy”, with Marco Tarchi, European Journal of Political Research, 30 (1): 41-63.

41.1996 - “Democratic Consolidation and Convergence in Southern Europe: The Italian Case”, Democratization, 3 (3): 189-214.

40.1996 - “Legitimacy and Democracy in Southern Europe”, with José Ramon Montero, Revista Espanola de Investigaciones Sociologicas - English Edition, 1(1): 11-48.

39.1995 - “Consolidation and Party Government in Southern Europe”, International Political Science Review, 16 (2): 145-67.

38.1994 - “Legittimità, consolidamento e crisi nell’Europa Meridionale”, with José Ramon Montero, Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 24 (1): 27-66.

37.1993 - “Legitimacion y democracia en el Sur de Europa”, with José Ramon Montero, in Revista Espanola de Investigaciones Sociologicas, 64: 7-40.

36.1992 - “Vecchio e nuovo autoritarismo nel Sud Europa”, with Franco Mattei, in  Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 22 (1): 137-60.

35.1992 - “Political Science in Italy: Tradition and Empiricism”, in Political Science in Western Europe 1960-90, special issue of the European Journal of Political Research, 20 (2): 341- 358.

34.1992 - “I partiti nella transizione”, Società e politica in America Latina, special issue of Views, 2: 19-34.

33.1992 - “Consolidaçoes democraticas. Indicaçoes teoricas para anàlise empirica”, in Dados, 35 (2): 145-171.

32.1992 - “Partidos, grupos y consolidaciòn democratica in Italia”, in Revista del Centro de Estudios Constitucionales, 13   (Sep.-Dec.): 73-102.

31.1991 - “La scienza politica italiana: tradizione e realtà”, Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 21(1): 70-102.

30.1990 - “Problemi e scelte nella comparazione”, Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 20 (3): 381-395.

29.1988 - “Individui, gruppi e rappresentanza nelle democrazie attuali”, Rassegna dell’Economia Lucana, 26 (1): 21-43.

28.1986 - “Le elezioni nel mondo. Gennaio-dicembre 1985”, Quaderni dell’Osservatorio Elettorale, 16: 105-27.

27.1986 - “Consolidamento democratico. Definizione e modelli”, Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 16 (2): 197-238.

26.1986 - “Sei nuove democrazie sfidano il passato”, Biblioteca della Libertà, 21(Jan.-March): 83-90.

25.1986 - “Consolidamento democratico: alcune ipotesi esplicative”, Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 16 (3): 439-459.

24.1986 - “Consolidacion democratica. Definicion, modelos, hipothesis”, Revista Espanola de Investigaciones Sociologicas, 35: 7-61.

23.1985 - “Le elezioni nel mondo. Luglio-dicembre 1984”, Quaderni dell’Osservatorio Elettorale, 14: 131-43.

22.1985 - “Il sistema politico. Uno strumento per capire?”, Mondoperaio, 38 (6).

21.1985 - “Consolidacion democratica: definicion y modelos”, Contribuciones - CIEDLA, 1: 37-43.

20.1985 - “?Cual es la crisis democratica de Italia?”, Critica y Utopia, 13: 65-106.

19.1984 - “Le elezioni nel mondo. Luglio-dicembre 1983”, Quaderni dell’Osservatorio Elettorale, 12: 87-99.

18.1984 - “The Changing Relationships Between Parties and Society in Italy”, West European Politics, 7 (4): 46-66.

17.1984 - “Le elezioni nel mondo. Gennaio-giugno 1984”, Quaderni dell’Osservatorio Elettorale, 13: 109-19.

16.1984 - “Toward Democracy in Latin America: A Model with Several Variables”, Politica Internazionale, Engl. ed., 2:77-90.

15.1983 - “Le elezioni nel mondo. Luglio-dicembre 1982”, Quaderni dell’Osservatorio Elettorale, 10: 93-108.

14.1983 - “Etiology and Outcomes of Protest”, with Keith Webb et al., American Behavioral Scientist, 27 (3): 311-331.

13.1983 - “Le elezioni nel mondo. Gennaio-giugno 1983”, Quaderni dell’Osservatorio Elettorale, 11: 97-118.

12.1983 - “Un modello a più variabili”, Dossier: La transizione in America Latina, special issue of Politica Internazionale, 6: 53-64.

11.1982 - “Una democrazia fragile: la Spagna”, Mondoperaio, 35(9).

10.1982 - “Le elezioni nel mondo. Gennaio-giugno 1982”, Quaderni dell’Osservatorio Elettorale, 9: 180-94.

9.1981 - “Spagna: il ruolo della monarchia”, Mondoperaio, 34(5).

8.1979 - “La crisi della democrazia”, Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 9 (1): 37-70.

7.1979 - “Regimi politici e libertà”, La democrazia nel mondo. Un censimento, special issue of Biblioteca della Libertà, 16 (74-75): 5-26.

6.1975 - “Misure di democrazia e di libertà: discussione di alcune analisi empiriche”, Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 5(1): 132-66.

5.1975 - “Categorie e dimensioni del mutamento politico”, Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 5 (2): 277-324.

4.1975 - “Crisi e mutamento politico”, Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 5 (3): 545-61.

3.1973 - “Stabilità, legittimità ed efficacia decisionale nei sistemi democratici”, Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 3 (2): 247-316.

2.1972 - “Alcuni sviluppi teorici nella scienza politica americana”, Il Mulino, 220: 319-46.

1.1971 - “I limiti dell’eredità di Gobetti”, Biblioteca della Libertà, 8 (32): 51-67.