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List of Kalevala translations

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A list of translations of the Finnish national epic Kalevala in chronological order by language. The epic has appeared in 61 translated languages.[1]

Based partially on the lists compiled by Rauni Puranen[2] and Henni Ilomäki.[3]

More information Language, Year ...
LanguageYearTranslatorRemark
German1840Nikolai MühlbergThe first 60 lines of the first song translated into German and Estonian, published in 1840 in Verhandlungen der gelehrten Estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat, vol. 1, no. 1. Estonian, pp. 89–94; German, pp. 94–96.
1848Jacob GrimmA short 38-line reading at a presentation in the Berlin Academy of Sciences.
1852Franz Anton SchiefnerA very important verse translation used by many other translators to bring the Kalevala to their own language and revised by Martin Buber in 1921.
1885–1886Hermann PaulVerse translation.
1936Arthur LutherA word-by-word translation that is made based on the revision by Martin Buber of Schiefner's translation.
1967Lore Fromm and Hans Fromm [de]Full translation directly from Finnish.
1978Inge Ott [de]Prose adaptation based on the translation by Fromm.
2004[1]Gisbert Jänicke [de]Full translation.
Estonian1840Nikolai MühlbergThe first 60 lines of the first song translated into German and Estonian, published in 1840 in Verhandlungen der gelehrten Estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat, vol. 1, no. 1. Estonian, pp. 89–94; German, pp. 94–96.
1891–1898Matthias Johann Eisen
1938August Annist
Swedish1841M. A. CastrénFull translation of the 1835 Old Kalevala.
1864–1868Karl Collan [fi]Full translation of the 1849 Kalevala.
1884Rafaël Hertzberg
1944Olaf Homén [fi]An abridged edition
1948Björn Collindertrims about 10% of the text
1999Lars Huldén and Mats Huldén [fi]
Hungarian1841[4]Antal RegulyOld Kalevala songs 1-3 and 29.[5]
1871Ferdinánd BarnaFull translation via Franz Anton Schiefner's translation.
1909[6]Béla Vikár [hu]
1971Kálmán Nagy
1976István Rácz
1987Imre Szente [hu]
French1845 and 1867Louis Léouzon le Duc [fr]An important translation used by many other translators to bring Kalevala to their own language.
1926Charles GuyotAbridged version of Louis Léouzon le Duc's translation.
1927Jean-Louis Perret [fi]Full translation in metric verse.
1991Gabriel RebourcetFull translation. In old-style French vocabulary.
English1868John Addison PorterPartial translation (The story of Aino[7]) via Franz Anton Schiefner's translation.
1869Edward Taylor FletcherPartial translation directly from Finnish (with a lengthy essay).
1882[8]Selma BorgPartial translation (Song I) directly from Finnish.
1888[9]John Martin CrawfordFull translation, via Franz Anton Schiefner's translation.
1893[10][11]R. EivindA complete prose adaptation for children via Crawford's translation.
1907[12][13]William Forsell KirbySecond full translation. Directly from Finnish. Imitates the Kalevala meter.
1940[14]Babette Deutscha prose retelling of the epic saga for young readers.
1950[10]Aili Kolehmainen JohnsonAbridged prose translation.
1954[10]Margaret SperryAdapted verse translation of song 50.
1963[15]Francis Peabody Magoun Jr.Scholarly prose translation. Included with detailed essays and background information.
1969[16]Francis Peabody Magoun Jr.Scholarly prose translation of the 1835 Old Kalevala.
1977Ursula SyngeAbridged prose version. Using W. F. Kirby's translation as a reference.
1989Eino FribergEditing and introduction by George C. Schoolfield. Imitates the Kalevala meter selectively. The songs in this version are also not of the same length or structure as in the original.[17] Released to coincide with the 150th anniversary of the original publication.
1989[18]Keith BosleyUses a syllabic verse form to allow for accuracy and metrical variety; released to coincide with the 150th anniversary of the original publication, subsequently published as an audiobook read by the translator himself in 2013.
2020Kaarina BrooksComplete translation of runic version of 1835 Old Kalevala, following the Kalevala meter throughout.
2021Kaarina BrooksComplete translation of the runic version of the Kalevala, following the Kalevala meter throughout.
Russian1888[19]Leonid Petrovic Belsky [ru]An important translation used by many other Slavic translators to bring Kalevala to their own language.
1998[20] & 2006[4]Eino Kiuru [ru] and Armas Hiiri [ru]
Czech1894–1895Josef HolečekFull translation in metric verse.
Ukrainian1901Yevhen Tymchenko [uk]
Danish1902Ferdinand Ohrt [da]Partial translation.
1994Hilkka Søndergaard and Bent SøndergaardFull translation of songs 1–22 and 24–50, but excluding song 23, in trochaic tetrameter.
2017 Hilkka Søndergaard, Bent Søndergaard, and Erik Skyum Nielsen [da] Re-issue of the 1994 translation commemorating the centenary of Finland's independence, with song 23 translated (from the Swedish 1999 translation) by Erik Skyum Nielsen.
Italian1909[21]Igino CocchiVerse translation (hendecasyllable)
1910[22]Paolo Emilio Pavolini [it]Verse translation (original metre)
1912[21]Francesco di Silvestri-Falconieri [fi]Prose translation
1980Liliana CalimeriUsed Ursula Synge's version as a model.
1988[21]Gabriella Agrati and Maria Letizia MaginiProse translation
2010[21]Marcello GanassiniVerse translation (blank verses)
Turkish1918[23]Ömer SeyfettinPartial translation.
1965[24]Hilmi Ziya ÜlkenTranslation of the first 2 songs. Using the Hungarian and French as a basis. Published in the Yearbook of the Kalevala Society, volume 43 (1963)
1982Lale and Muammar OğuzFull interpreted prose translation. Missing 25% of the original content for artistic purposes.
2017[25]Riitta Cankoçak [fi]
Lithuanian1922Adolfas Sabaliauskas [lt]
1972Justinas Marcinkevičius
Latvian1924[4]Linards Laicens [lv]Uses trochaic tetrameter and syllable stress rhythm. Reissued in 1959 with illustrations by Akseli Gallen-Kallela and in 1964 with illustrations by Ģirts Vilks [lv].
Dutch1928[4]Maya TamminenPartial verse translation with connecting prose summaries. The only Dutch translation is directly from Finnish.
1938Wies MoensAbridged prose translation. based on the German adaptation by Arthur Luther.
1940[4]Jan H. EekhoutA shortened adaptation in verse. Based on the German translation by Schiefner and Buber, and the Dutch version of Tamminen.
1969Henrik HartwijkTranslation of song #5. Published in the Yearbook of the Kalevala Society.
1979J. C. Ebbinge Wubben [nl]Full prose translation. Based on the German adaptation of Inge Ott.
1985Mies le NobelFull verse translation. Based on the German translation by Schiefner and Buber.
Serbian1935Ivan S. Šajković
Japanese1937Kakutan Morimoto [ja]
1961[4]Tsutomu Kuwaki [ja]
1976Tamotsu Koizumi [ja]
Spanish1944Alejandro CasonaAbridged prose translation, based on Charles Guyot's version.
1953María Dolores ArroyoFull metric verse translation via Perret's French and Pavolini's Italian translations
1967Juan B. Bergua [es]Full prose translation, via French and English translations
1985Ursula Ojanen and Joaquín FernándezFull translation directly from Finnish.
1995Carmen CrouzeillesAbridged prose translation. Published in Buenos Aires.
Romanian1946Barbu B. BrezianuFull prose translation.
1959Iulian VesperFull translation using an eight-syllable verse form.
1985[4]Pavel StarostinPublished in Moldovan which is identical to Romanian. Abridged translation.
Hebrew1954Shaul Tchernichovsky
1964Sarah ToviaReissued 1978 in collaboration with The Finnish/Israeli Friendship Society
Yiddish1954[26]Hersh Rosenfeld
Belarusian1956[4]Mikhasʹ Mashara [be]Prose and poetry excerpts.
2015[27] Jakub Lopatka [be] Full translation directly from Finnish.
Icelandic1957 & 1962[4]Karl Ísfeld [is]This translation utilizes the Icelandic "three-par" alliteration method.
Chinese1962Han Shiheng [zh]Translated via the Russian translation.
1981[28]Sun Yong [zh]Translated via W. F. Kirby's English translation.
2000[4]Zhang Hua Wen
Esperanto1964Johannes Edvard Leppäkoski [eo]Full translation in Kalevala meter, published as trochaic octometers (one for every two Finnish verses) with mandatory central caesura
Norwegian1967Albert Lange FlifletNynorsk language translation. Based on an earlier unpublished translation.
2017 Mikael Holmberg Bokmål language retelling in trochaic tetrameter.
Georgian1969[4]Mukhran Machavariani, Shota Chantladze [ka] and Givi Dzneladze [ka]
Arabic1970Muhamed Said al-JuneidAbridged translation published in the yearbook of the Kalevala Society.
1991[29]Sahban Ahmad Mroueh [fi]
Armenian1972[4]Hmayak SirasAbridged prose translation.
Polish1974Józef Ozga-Michalski [pl]Full translation based on the work of Karol Laszecki.
1998Jerzy Litwiniuk [pl]Full translation
Komi1980 & 1984[4]Adolf Turkin [ru]Partial translation (Väinämöinen's playing and Song 10.)
Fulani1983Alpha A. DialloBook was published in Hungary, illustrated with Akseli Gallen-Kallela's artwork.
Tulu1985Amrith SomeshwarUsed Keith Bosley's Wanton Loverboy to aid in the translation of some parts.
Latin[30]1986Tuomo Pekkanen [de]
Vietnamese1986Nguyễn Xuân NghiệpFull prose translation.
1991Hoàng Thái AnhFull prose translation.
1994Bùi Việt Hoa [fi]Full translation in metrical verse.
Slovak1986[4]Marek E. Světlík and Jan Petr Velkoborský [sk]
Hindi1990 & 1997[4]Vishnu Khare
Slovene1991Jelka Ovaska Novak [sl]Partial translation.
1997Jelka Ovaska NovakFull translation.
Swahili1992Jan KnappertIllustrated with Tanzanian Robino Ntila's graphics.
Bulgarian1992Nino Nikolov [bg]
Greek1992[4]María Martzoúkou [fi]Verse translation of the first 20 poems with prose translation of the rest.
Faroese1993Jóhannes av Skarði [da]
Tamil1994[31]Ramalingam SivalingamFull translation. Introduction by Asko Parpola.
Catalan1997Ramon Garriga i Marquès and Pirkko-Merja LounavaaraFull translation in metric verse, directly from Finnish.
1997Encarna Sant-Celoni i VergerAbridged prose translation.
Persian1998Mahmoud Amir Yar Ahmadi and Mercedeh Khadivar MohseniFull translation directly from Finnish.
2012Kiamars BaghbaniRetold and translated in Persian directly from Finnish.[32][33]
Macedonian1998Vesna Acevska [mk]
Kannada2001K. R. Sandhya ReddyFull translation from English.
Croatian2001Stjepan A. SzabóPartial translation in narrative form.
2006Slavko Peleh [hr]Full translation using the German translation partially.
Low German2001[4]Herbert Strehmel
Oriya2001[4]Mahendra Kumar Mishra [or]Prose translation.
Udmurt2001[4]Anatoli UvarovSummary.
Veps2003[4]Nina Zaiceva [vep]Verse summary.
2022[34]Nina ZaicevaFull translation.
Portuguese2007Orlando MoreiraFull translation from an English version.
2009José Bizerril and Álvaro FaleirosPartial translation. Only the first song.
2013Ana Soares and Merja de Mattos-ParreiraFull translation from Finnish; in verse; with critical introduction, and hundreds of footnotes.
Meänkieli2007[4]Bengt PohjanenTranslation of a select four songs.
Urdu2012[4]Arshad Farooq
Belarusian2015[35]Yakub Lapatka
Livvi-Karelian2015Raisa Remšujeva
Karelian Proper2015Zinaida Dubinina [olo]
Galician[36]2018Tomás González Ahola [gl] and Tuula Ahola [gl]
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