List of non-international armed conflicts

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The following is a list of non-international armed conflicts, fought between territorial and/or intervening state forces and non-state armed groups or between non-state armed groups within the same state or country.[1] The terms "intrastate conflict", "internecine conflict", "internal conflict" and "civil war" are often used interchangeably with "non-international armed conflict", but "internecine war" can be used in a wider meaning, referring to any conflict within a single state, regardless of the participation of civil state or non-state forces. Thus, any war of succession is by definition an internecine war, but not necessarily a non-international armed conflict.

Terminology

The Latin term bellum civile, meaning in English, civil war, was used to describe wars within a single community beginning around 60 A.D. The term is an alternative title for the work sometimes called Pharsalia by Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus) about the Roman civil wars that began in the last third of the second century BC.[2] The term civilis here had the very specific meaning of 'Roman citizen'. Since the 17th century, the term has also been applied retroactively to other historical conflicts where at least one side claims to represent the country's civil society (rather than a feudal dynasty or an imperial power).[3]

Since 1949, the term "non-international armed conflict" has been widely used to refer to armed conflict between territorial and/or intervening state forces and non-state armed groups or between non-state armed groups within the same state or country, instead of civil war.[1] The head of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)'s Arms Unit, Kathleen Lawand, stated "The ICRC generally avoids using the term 'civil war' when communicating with the parties to an armed conflict or publicly, and speaks instead of 'non-international' or 'internal' armed conflicts, as these expressions mirror the terms used in common Article 3 [of the 1949 Geneva Conventions]."[4]

Ongoing non-international armed conflicts

See also: List of ongoing armed conflicts

The following non-international armed conflicts are ongoing as of April 2023. Only ongoing conflicts which meet the definition of a non-international armed conflict are listed. See List of ongoing armed conflicts and lists of active separatist movements for lists with a wider scope.

Map of Myanmar Civil War
Map of Myanmar Civil War (2021-present)
Legend:
Tatmadaw and allies
  •   Tatmadaw and paramilitaries[a]
      Karen National Army
      Pa-O National Army
      Zomi Revolutionary Army[b]
Other combatants
Approximate map of the current phase of the Somali Civil War
Somalia:
  Federal Government of Somalia, the African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia, the United States, and contested territory
Somali Future Council:
  Government of Puntland
  Jubaland Dervish Force and the Raskamboni Movement
Jihadist insurgent groups:
  Islamic Wilayat of Somalia (al-Shabaab) and allies
  Islamic State-backed Somalia Wilayah
Somaliland:
  Self-declared state of Somaliland
Map of North-West Pakistan insurgency
War in North West Pakistan (2004-present)
  Under control of the Government and Allies
  Taliban, Al-Qaeda and Allies influence
Map of Sudanese Civil War
Map of Sudanese Civil War (2023-present)
  Controlled by Sudanese Armed Forces and allies (Transitional Sovereignty Council)
  Controlled by Rapid Support Forces (Government of Peace and Unity)
  Controlled by SPLM-N (al-Hilu)
  Controlled by allied Rapid Support Forces and SPLM-N (al-Hilu)
  Controlled by SLM (al-Nur)
Map of Mali Civil War
Map of Mali Civil War (2012-present)
Map of Burkina Faso Civil War
Map of Burkina Faso Civil War (2015-present)
Map of Niger Civil War
Map of Niger Civil War (2016-present)
Map of the Central African Civil War
Map of the Central African Civil War (2012-present)
Map of Yemeni Civil War
Map of Yemeni Civil War (2014-present)
  Republic of Yemen (PLC government; recognized by the UN)
  Pro-PLC Yemeni National Resistance
  Houthi-controlled Yemen
  Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)
Map of the Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
Map of the Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
Map of Ethiopian Civil War
Map of Ethiopian Civil War (2020-present)
Pro-federal government troops
  Ethiopian federal government and regional allies
Anti-federal government rebels
  Controlled by the Tigray People's Liberation Front
  Oromo Liberation Army
  Fano

Past non-international armed conflicts

Further information: War of the English Succession, List of peasant revolts, and List of revolutions and rebellions

Ancient and early medieval (before 1000)

Further information: Warring States period, Sengoku period, Warlord, and Feudalism

This is a list of intrastate armed conflicts. Note that some conflicts lack both an article or citation. Without citation, they have not been guaranteed to have happened.

Medieval (1000–1600)

Early modern (1600–1800)

Modern (1800–1945)

Since 1945

Situation in Laos, 23 July,1962
Situation in Laos, 23 July,1962
Map of Syrian Civil War
Map of Syrian Civil War (2011–2024)
  Syrian Armed Forces
  Syrian Free Army and American occupation
  Turkish occupation and ex-Syrian National Army
  Syrian Democratic Forces and Deir ez-Zor defectors
  Suwayda Druze factions
  Israeli occupation and invasion
  Russian occupation and Assadist insurgent presence
Map of South Sudanese Civil War
Map of South Sudanese Civil War (2013–2018)
  Under control of the Government of South Sudan and Allies
  Under control of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition and Allies
  Under control of the Government of Peace and Unity
  Under control of the UNISFA
Map of Libyan Civil War
Map of Libyan Civil War (2014–2020)
  Under the control of the House of Representatives and the Libyan National Army (LNA)
  Under the control of the Government of National Accord (GNA) and different militias forming the Libya Shield Force
  Controlled by local forces

See also

Notes

  1. [1]
    Some historians name the 1861–1865 war the "Second American Civil War", because in their view, the American Revolutionary War can also be considered a civil war (since the term can be used in reference to any war in which one political body separates itself from another political body). They then refer to the Independence War, which resulted in the separation of the Thirteen Colonies from the British Empire, as the "First American Civil War".[11][12] A significant number of American colonists stayed loyal to the British Crown and as Loyalists fought on the British side while opposite were a significant amount of colonists called Patriots who fought on the American side. In some localities, there was fierce fighting between Americans including gruesome instances of hanging, drawing, and quartering on both sides.[13][14][15][16]
    • As early as 1789, David Ramsay, an American patriot historian, wrote in his History of the American Revolution that "Many circumstances concurred to make the American war particularly calamitous. It was originally a civil war in the estimation of both parties."[17] Framing the American Revolutionary War as a civil war is gaining increasing examination.[18][19][20]. You can read part two of his 1789 book in full here
    • A group of Bristol, England merchants wrote to King George III in 1775 voicing their “most anxious apprehensions for ourselves and Posterity that we behold the growing distractions in America threaten” and ask for their majesty’s “Wisdom and Goodness” to save them from “a lasting and ruinous Civil War.”. You can read the 1775 petition in full here
    • The “constrained voice” is a good synopsis of how the British viewed the American Revolutionary War. From anxiety to a foreboding sense of the conflict being a civil war,
    • In the early stages of the rebellion by the American colonists, most of them still saw themselves as English subjects who were being denied their rights as such. “Taxation without representation is tyranny,” James Otis reportedly said in protest of the lack of colonial representation in Parliament. What made the American Revolution look most like a civil war, though, was the reality that about one-third of the colonists, known as loyalists (or Tories), continued to support and fought on the side of the crown.
  2. [2]
    The Revolution was both an international conflict, with Britain and France vying on land and sea, and a civil war among the colonists, causing over 60,000 loyalists to flee their homes.
    • France entered the American Revolution on the side of the colonists in 1778, turning what had essentially been a civil war into an international conflict.
    • Until early in 1778 the conflict was a civil war within the British Empire, but afterward it became an international war as France (in 1778) and Spain (in 1779) joined the colonies against Britain. Meanwhile, the Netherlands, which provided both official recognition of the United States and financial support for it, was engaged in its own war against Britain.
  1. [a]
    Border Guard Forces, Pyusawhti militias, Shanni Nationalities Army, Wuyang People's Militia, Khaunglanhpu People’s Militia,[5] Rohingya militia, several India-based insurgent groups, smaller allied ethnic armed organisations, and local militias
  2. [b]
    India-based
  3. [c]
    All Burma Students' Democratic Front, Bamar People's Liberation Army, Burma National Revolutionary Army, People's Defence Force (Kalay), People's Liberation Army, People's Revolution Alliance (Magway), Student Armed Force, National Liberation Army (Myanmar), Yaw Army, smaller local groups
  4. [d]
    Kagabu People’s Force,[5] Kachin Region People’s Defence Force (Kachin PDF)[6]
  5. [e]
    Karen National Defence Organisation, Kawthoolei Army, Democratic Karen Benevolent Army, KNU/KNLA Peace Council, Arakan Army (Kayin State), local PDF's, smaller resistance groups
  6. [f]
    Karenni Nationalities Defence Force, Karenni Army, Karenni National People's Liberation Front, Kayan National Army, local PDF's, smaller resistance groups
  7. [g]
    Chin National Army, majority of Chinland Defence Forces and some Zomi allied groups, local PDF's, smaller resistance groups
  8. [h]
    Chin National Defence Force, minority of Chinland Defence Forces and some Zomi allied groups, local PDF's, smaller resistance groups
  9. [i]
    Danu State National Defence Army, local PDF's, smaller resistance groups
  10. [j]
    Ramonnya Mon Army, Mon State Revolutionary Force, Mon State Defense Force
  11. [k]
    United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia (National Socialist Council of Nagaland, United Liberation Front of Asom, Kamtapur Liberation Organisation), Coordination Committee (Kangleipak Communist Party, Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup, People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak, People's Liberation Army of Manipur, United National Liberation Front, United Peoples Party of Kangleipak), smaller groups

References

Further reading

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