List of wars by death toll

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This list of wars by death toll includes some deaths directly or indirectly caused by the deadliest wars in history. These numbers encompass the deaths of military personnel resulting directly from battles or other wartime actions, as well as wartime or war-related civilian deaths, often caused by war-induced epidemics, famines, or genocides. Due to incomplete records, the destruction of evidence, differing counting methods, and various other factors, the death tolls of wars are often uncertain and highly debated. For this reason, the death tolls in this article typically provide a range of estimates.

Compiling such a list is further complicated by the challenge of defining a war. Not every violent conflict constitutes a war; for instance, mass killings and genocides occurring outside of wartime are excluded, as they are not necessarily wars in themselves. This list broadly defines war as an extended conflict between two or more armed political groups. Consequently, it excludes mass death events, such as human sacrifices, ethnic cleansing operations, and acts of state terrorism or political repression during peacetime or in contexts unrelated to war.[a]

Averaging the death ranges, the total for the wars listed is about 570 million, of them 58 million for 500 BC – AD 500, 117 million for AD 500 – 1700, and 396 million for 1700 – 2023.[1]

List

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War Death
range		 Date Combatants Location % of global population (rough estimates)
World War II 70–85 million[2][3][4] 1939–1945 Allied Powers vs. Axis Powers Global 3.04–3.69%[2]
Taiping Rebellion 20–70 million[5][6][7][8] 1850–1864 Qing Dynasty vs. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom China 1.42–2.65%[2]
Mongol invasions and conquests 20–60 million[9][10][11][12] 1206–1368 Mongol Empire vs. various states in Eurasia Asia and Europe 5.55–13.54%[2][13]
Three Kingdoms 34 million[14] 184–280 Multiple sides but predominantly Cao Wei vs Shu Han vs Eastern Wu China 13.28–17.89%[2]
Manchu Conquest of China 25 million[15][16] 1618–1683 Various, but mainly the Later Jin and Qing Dynasties vs. Ming Dynasty China 4.16–5.31%[2][17]
World War I 15–22 million[18][19][4] 1914–1918 Allied Powers vs. Central Powers Global 0.85–1.25%[2]
Conquests of Timur 7–17 million[12] 1369–1405 Timurid Empire vs. various states in Asia Central Asia, West Asia, and South Asia 1.94–5.55%[2]
An Lushan rebellion 13 million[20] 754–763 Tang Dynasty and Uyghur Khaganate vs. Yan Dynasty China 6.04%[21]
Spanish conquest of Mexico 10.5 million[22][b] 1519–1530 Spanish Empire and allies vs. Aztec Empire and allies Mexico 2.33%[21]
Russian Civil War 7–10 million[24][4] 1917–1922 Multiple sides: Bolsheviks, anti-Bolshevik left, White Movement, Allied and Central Intervention, as well as various separatists Russia 0.37–0.53%[25]
Chinese Civil War 4–9 million[26][4] 1927–1949[c] Multiple sides, but predominantly Communists vs. Kuomintang China 0.19–0.43%[29]
Thirty Years' War 4.5–8 million[30][31] 1618–1648 Anti-Imperial Alliance vs. Imperial Alliance Europe 0.77–1.38%[32]
Crusades 1–9 million[33][34] 1095–1291 Originally Byzantine Empire vs. Seljuk Empire, but evolved into Christians vs. Muslims Europe and the Middle East 0.31–2.8%[35]
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 7.7 million[36][d] 1533–1572 Spanish Empire vs. Inca Empire South America 1.71%[21]
Reconquista 7 million[38][39] 718–1492 Christian peninsular kingdoms vs. Islamic peninsular kingdoms Iberian Peninsula 1.94%[21]
French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 4–7 million[40][41] 1792–1815 French Republic, later French Empire, vs. Coalition forces Europe 0.49–0.86%[2]
Conquests of Menelik II 5–6 million[42][43] 1878–1904 Ethiopian Empire vs. Emirate of Harar, Kingdom of Kaffa, Kingdom of Wolaita, and allies Horn of Africa 0.39%[44]
Mahdist War 4-6 million[45][46][47][48] 1881-1899 Mahdist Sudan vs. United Kingdom and allies Sudan 0.29-0.43%
Second Congo War 3–5.4 million[49][50][51] 1998–2003 Multiple sides Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.05–0.09%[21]
Spanish conquest of New Granada 5.25 million[52][53][e] 1525–1540 Spanish Empire vs. Muisca Confederation and other civilizations South America 1.17%[21]
Deccan wars 4.6–5 million[55] 1680–1707 Mughal Empire vs. Maratha Confederacy South Asia 0.75–0.82%[21]
Northern Wars 3.57–4.57 million[56][57][58][59] 1554–1721 Multiple sides Eastern and Northern Europe 0.46–1.02%
Vietnam War 1.3–4.2 million[60][61][62] 1955–1975 North Vietnam and allies vs. South Vietnam and allies Indochina 0.027–0.153%[63]
Nigerian Civil War 3.04–4.1 million[64][65] 1967–1970 Nigeria vs. Biafra Nigeria 0.09-0.12%
French Wars of Religion 2–4 million[66] 1562–1598 French catholics vs Huguenots France 0.40–0.89%
Korean War 2.5–3.5 million[67][26] 1950–1953 North Korea and allies vs. South Korea and allies Korean Peninsula 0.1-0.14%
Hundred Years' War 2.3–3.5 million[68][69][40] 1337–1453 House of Valois vs. House of Plantagenet Western Europe 0.51–1.00%
Soviet–Afghan War 1–3 million[70][4] 1979–1989 Soviet Union and Democratic Republic of Afghanistan vs. Afghan mujahideen Afghanistan
Delhi Conquest of North India 0.5–3 million[71] 1300–1310 Delhi Sultanate vs. North Indian States South Asia 0.14–0.86%
Bangladesh Liberation War 0.3-3 million[72][73] 1971 India and Provisional Government of Bangladesh vs. Pakistan South Asia
Mexican Revolution 1–2.7 million[40][74] 1910–1920 Anti-government forces vs. Pro-government forces Mexico
Fang La Rebellion 2 million[40][75] 1120–1122 Song Dynasty vs. Fang La rebels China 0.56–0.63%
Ethiopian Civil War and Eritrean War of Independence 1.75–2 million[76][77][78] 1961–1991[f] EPRDF, later EPLF, vs. Derg and People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Horn of Africa
Russo-Circassian War and Caucasian War 1.5–2 million[79] 1763–1864 Circassian Confederation, Principality of Abkhazia, and Caucasian Imamate vs. Russian Empire Caucasus
Second Sudanese Civil War 1–2 million[80][81] 1983–2005 Sudan vs. SSPDF Sudan
Tây Sơn wars 1–2 million[82][83] 1771–1802 Tây Sơn dynasty vs. Nguyễn lords, Kingdom of Cambodia, Rattanakosin Kingdom, and Kingdom of France Indochina
Akbar's Conquest of North India 1–2 million[84] 1556–1605 Mughal Empire vs. North Indian States South Asia
Indian Rebellion of 1857 0.8–2 million[85] 1857–1858 United Kingdom and allies vs. Indian rebels and allies South Asia
Balkan Wars 0.75–1.77 million[86][87] 1912–1913 Ottoman Empire vs. Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro; later Bulgaria vs. Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, and Romania Balkans
Algerian War 0.4–1.6 million[88][89] 1954–1962 France vs. Separatists National Liberation Front, Algerian National Movement, and Algerian Communist Party North Africa
Seven Years' War 1–1.5 million[90][40] 1756–1763 Great Britain, Hanover, Prussia, Portugal, and allies vs. France, Habsburg empire, Saxony, Spain, and allies Global
Warring States period and Qin's wars of unification 0.65–1.5 million[91][40] 475 BCE–221 BCE Multiple sides China 0.35–1.30%[92]
French conquest of Algeria 0.98–1.48 million[93][94][95] 1830–1903 France vs. Regency of Algiers, Emirate of Abdelkader, Kingdom of Beni Abbas, and allies North Africa
Gallic Wars 0.7–1.47 million[40][96][97][98] 58 BCE–50 BCE Roman Republic vs. Gauls and allies Gaul 0.37–1.28%
Jewish–Roman wars 0.35–1.4 million[99][100] 66–135 Roman Empire vs. Judean provisional government Fertile Crescent 0.17–0.74%
War of the Spanish Succession 0.4–1.25 million[101][102] 1701–1714 Habsburg Spain, Great Britain, Holy Roman Empire, and allies vs. Bourboun Spain, Kingdom of France, and allies Global
Wars of Alexander the Great 1 million[103][104][105] 336–323 BC Macedonian Empire vs. Achaemenid Empire and allies West Asia and Central Asia
Japanese invasions of Korea 1 million[106] 1592–1598 Joseon and Ming dynasty vs. Japan Korean Peninsula
Panthay Rebellion 1 million[107] 1856–1873 Qing Dynasty vs. Pingnan Guo China
American Civil War 0.6–1 million[108][109] 1861–1865 United States vs. Confederate States North America
Mozambican Civil War 0.5–1 million[110][111] 1977–1992 People's Republic of Mozambique, later Republic of Mozambique, and allies vs. RENAMO and allies Mozambique
First Sudanese Civil War 0.5–1 million[112][113] 1955–1972 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, later Democratic Republic of the Sudan, vs. Sudan Defence Force Sudan
Somali Civil War 0.35–1 million[114][115] 1981/1988/1991[g]–present Multiple sides Horn of Africa
Burmese–Siamese wars 0.26–0.9 million[40][123][124] 1547–1855 Thailand vs. Myanmar Southeast Asia
First Indochina War 0.4–0.84 million[125][126] 1946–1954 Viet Minh, Pathet Lao, and Khmer Issarak vs. French Union Indochina
Angolan Civil War 0.8 million[127][111] 1975–2002 People's Republic of Angola, later Republic of Angola, and allies vs. Democratic People's Republic of Angola and allies Angola
Burundian Civil War 0.55–0.8 million[128][129][111] 1993–2005 Burundi vs. Ethnic Hutu vs. Tutsi Militants Rwanda and Burundi
Second Punic War 0.77 million[130] 218–201 BCE Roman Republic vs. Ancient Carthage Southern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa
War of Austrian Succession 0.75 million[131] 1740–1748 France, Prussia, Spain, and allies vs. Habsburg monarchy, Great Britain, Dutch Republic, and allies Europe, the Americas, and South Asia
Third Punic War 0.75 million[132][133] 149–146 BCE Roman Republic vs. Ancient Carthage North Africa
Iran–Iraq War 0.45–0.7 million[99][134][135] 1980–1988 Islamic Republic of Iran vs. Iraqi Republic Iran and Iraq
Nine Years' War 0.68 million[136] 1688–1697 Kingdom of France vs. Grand Alliance Europe
Crimean War 0.61–0.67 million[137][138][139] 1853–1856 Russian Empire vs. Ottoman Empire, France, and United Kingdom Crimea, Black Sea, Caucasus, and the Balkans
Syrian civil war 0.58–0.61 million[140][141] 2011–2024 Multiple sides Levant
Mexican War of Independence 0.6 million[142] 1810–1821 Mexican patriots vs. Spanish Empire North and Central America
Bahmani–Vijayanagar Wars 0.6 million[143] 1362–1443 Vijayanagara Empire and Musunuri Nayakas vs. Bahmani Sultanate South Asia
Turkish War of Independence 0.4–0.6 million[144][145][146] 1919–1923 Turkey vs. Greece, France, United Kingdom, and Armenia Anatolia
Tigray War 0.16–0.6 million[147][148] 2020–2022 Ethiopia and Eritrea vs. Tigray People's Liberation Front and allies Horn of Africa
Roman–Germanic wars 0.54 million[149][150] 113 BCE – 774 Roman Republic, later Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire, vs. Germanic tribes Germania
First Punic War 0.4–0.54 million[151][152] 264–241 BCE Roman Republic vs. Ancient Carthage Southern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa
Paraguayan War 0.15–0.5 million[153] 1864–1870 Empire of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay vs. Paraguay South America
Uganda–Tanzania War and Ugandan Bush War 0.1–0.5 million[154][155][156][157] 1978–1986 Uganda vs. Tanzania, National Liberation Front, and National Resistance Movement Uganda and Tanzania
Papua conflict 0.1–0.5 million[158][159] 1962–present Indonesia vs. Free Papua Movement New Guinea
Eighty Years' War 0.1–0.5 million[160] 1566–1648 Spanish Empire vs. Separatist Dutch Republic Low Countries
Russo-Ukrainian War 0.35–0.48 million[h] 2014–present Union of People's Republics, later Russia and North Korea vs. Ukraine Eastern Europe and the Black Sea
Spanish Civil War 0.35–0.47 million[168][169][170] 1936–1939[i] Nationalists vs. Republicans Iberian Peninsula
Colombian conflict 0.45 million[174] 1964–present Colombia vs. Colombian and Mexican drug cartels, FARC, ELN, and other paramilitary groups South America
Franco-Prussian War 0.43 million[175][176] 1870–1871 Second French Empire, later Third French Republic vs. North German Confederation Central Europe
Polish–Ottoman Wars 0.43 million[177][178] 1485–1699 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Holy League, and allies vs. Ottoman Empire and allies Central Europe and Balkans
Roman–Greek wars 0.42 million[179] 280 BCE–30 BCE Roman Republic vs. Greek states, later Greek rebels, and Ptolemaic Kingdom Peloponnese Peninsula, Balkans, Anatolia, Egypt, and Italian Peninsula
Maratha invasions of Bengal 0.4 million[180][181] 1741–1751 Maratha Confederacy vs. Bengal Nawab South Asia
Colombian War of Independence 0.4 million[182] 1810–1825 Colombian patriots vs. Spanish Empire South America
Third Indochina War 0.4 million[183] 1975–1991 Democratic Kampuchea, China, and Thailand vs. Vietnam, Laos, and People's Republic of Kampuchea vs. Communist Party of Thailand Indochina
War in Darfur 0.4 million[184] 2003–2020 Sudan vs. SRF and SLM/A Sudan
Mexican drug war 0.35–0.4 million[185][186] 2006–present Mexico vs drug cartels Mexico
Song–Đại Việt war 0.25–0.4 million[187][188] 1075–1077 Song Dynasty vs. Đại Việt Indochina
Cuban Wars of Independence and Spanish–American War 0.39 million[189][190] 1868–1898 United States, Cuban Revolutionaries, and Philippine Revolutionaries vs. Spanish Empire Caribbean and the Philippines
South Sudanese Civil War 0.38 million[191] 2013–2018 South Sudan vs. SPLM-IO, Nuer White Army, and SSDM South Sudan
Yemeni civil war 0.37 million[192][193] 2014–present Multiple sides Yemen
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 0.36 million[194][195] 2001–2021 Taliban and allies vs. United States-led coalition and the Afghan Government[j] Afghanistan
Boko Haram insurgency 0.35 million[196] 2009–present Multinational Joint Task Force vs. Boko Haram Nigeria
Franco-Dutch War 0.34 million[197] 1672–1678 Kingdom of France vs. Dutch Republic Western Europe
Ottoman–Venetian wars 0.34 million[198][199] 1415–1718 Ottoman Empire vs. Holy League Mediterranean Sea, Greece, and Cyprus
Liberian Civil Wars and Sierra Leone Civil War 0.3–0.32 million[200][201][202] 1989–2003 Liberian government, Revolutionary United Front vs. National Patriotic Front of Liberia, Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, Movement for Democracy in Liberia, Sierra Leone West Africa
Cambodian Civil War 0.27–0.31 million[203][204][205][111] 1967–1975 Khmer Rouge and allies vs. Kingdom of Cambodia, later the Khmer Republic, and allies Indochina
Goguryeo–Sui War 0.3 million[206][207] 598–614 Sui Dynasty vs. Goguryeo Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula
Carlist Wars 0.3 million[208] 1833–1876 Carlists vs. Liberals and Republicans Iberian Peninsula
Iraqi conflict 0.27–0.3 million[209] 2003–2017 Multiple sides Levant
Gulf War 0.17–0.3 million[210][211] 1990–1991[k] Kuwait and the United States-led coalition vs. Iraq Kuwait and Iraq
Social War (91–87 BC) 0.1–0.3 million[212][99] 91–87 BCE Roman Republic and allies vs. Marsic and Samnite rebels, and allies Italian Peninsula
Roman conquest of Britain 0.13–0.29 million[213][214][215] 43–84 Roman Empire vs. Celtic Britons Great Britain
Philippine–American War 0.21–0.28 million[216][217] 1899–1913 United States vs. Philippine Republic, later Tagalog Republic, Sultanate of Sulu, and Sultanate of Maguindanao Philippines
Kalinga War 0.25 million[218] 262–261 BCE Maurya Empire vs. Kalinga South Asia
First Congo War 0.25 million[219] 1996–1997 Zaire vs. AFDL Democratic Republic of the Congo
Cristero War 0.25 million[220] 1926–1929 Mexico vs. Cristeros Mexico
Greek War of Independence 0.24 million[221][222] 1821–1829 Ottoman Empire vs. Separatist First Hellenic Republic Balkans and Peloponnese Peninsula
Myanmar conflict 0.23 million[223][224] 1948–present National Unity Government of Myanmar vs. State Administration Council Myanmar
American Revolution 0.18–0.23 million[225][226] 1775–1783 American Patriots vs. Great Britain North America
Chechen conflict 0.08–0.23 million[l] 1994–2009 Russia vs. Separatist Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Caucasus
Indian Annexation of Hyderabad 0.2 million[233][234] 1947–1948 India vs. Hyderabad South Asia
La Violencia 0.2 million[235] 1948–1958 Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal Party South America
Greco-Persian Wars 0.2 million[236] 499–449 BCE Greek city-states vs. Achaemenid Empire Southeast Europe, West Asia, and Northeast Africa 0.13%
Arab–Israeli conflict 0.2 million[m] 1948[n]–present Israel vs. Arab League, Iran, Hezbollah, Hamas, and the Houthi movement Levant
Guatemalan Civil War 0.14–0.2 million[242][243] 1960–1996 Government of Guatemala vs. Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity Central America
North Yemen Civil War 0.1–0.2 million[244][245] 1962–1970 Kingdom of Yemen vs. Yemen Arab Republic Yemen
Italo-Senussi Wars 0.07–0.2 million[246][247][248] 1911–1934 Kingdom of Italy vs. Senusiyya, Ottoman Empire North Africa
Portuguese Colonial War 0.14–0.18 million[249][250][251] 1961–1974 Estado Novo vs. MPLA, PAIGC, FNLA, among others Angola, Guinea, and Mozambique
Thousand Days' War 0.1–0.18 million[252] 1899–1902 Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal Party South America
Sri Lankan Civil War 0.08–0.17 million[253][254] 1983[o]–2009 Sri Lankan government vs. Separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Sri Lanka
Civil conflict in the Philippines 0.16 million[256][257] 1968–present Filipino government vs. Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters, Communist Party of the Philippines, and Abu Sayyaf Philippines
Russo-Japanese War 0.12–0.16 million[258] 1904–1905 Empire of Japan vs. Russian Empire East Asia
Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 0.15 million[259][260] 2023–present Sudan and allies vs. Rapid Support Forces and allies Sudan
Algerian Civil War 0.15 million[261] 1992–2002 Multiple sides North Africa
Lebanese Civil War 0.12–0.15 million[262][263][264] 1975–1990 Multiple sides Levant
Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II 0.1–0.15 million[265] 1780–1783 Spanish Empire vs. Aymara and Quechua rebels South America
Greek Civil War 0.08–0.15 million[266][267][111] 1946–1949 Kingdom of Greece vs. Provisional Democratic Government Balkans and Peloponnese Peninsula
Yugoslav Wars 0.13–0.14 million[268][269] 1991–2001 Separatist forces and NATO vs. Yugoslavia, later Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Balkans
Irish Nine Years' War 0.13 million[270] 1593–1603 Kingdom of England vs. Irish rebels Ireland
Chaco War 0.08–0.13 million[271][272][273] 1932–1935 Paraguay vs. Bolivia South America
Kurdish–Turkish conflict 0.12 million[274][275] 1921–present Turkey vs. Kurdish Republic of Ararat, later Kurdistan Worker's Party Middle East
Federal War 0.1 million[276] 1859–1863 Federal Venezuelan rebels vs. Conservative Venezuelan government South America
Close

Charts and graphs

Number of combatants that died due to fighting in interstate and civil wars. This excludes civilian deaths, which can make the death tolls much larger.[277]
Seven deadliest wars after 1900. The length of each spiral segment is proportional to the war's duration and its area size to its death toll.[278]
Bubble chart of wars with over 1.5 million deaths.[279]

See also

Notes

  1. [a]
    Some examples would include Operation Condor (60,000–80,000 killed), the Cultural Revolution (1–20 million killed), the Rubber Terror (1.5–13 million killed), the excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin (6–9 million killed), the Transatlantic slave trade, the Arab slave trade, the Slavery in the Ottoman Empire, the Human sacrifice in pre-Columbian cultures (20,000–250,000 killed yearly in the Aztec Empire alone), the Dzungar genocide (420,000–480,000 killed), the Circassian genocide, the Partition of India, or the Herero and Nama genocide (34,000–110,000 killed). For further information, see List of genocides and List of ethnic cleansing campaigns.
  2. [b]
    Almost all of these deaths were caused by Old World diseases and not violent conflict.[23]
  3. [c]
    Before 1927, violence erupted during the 1911 Revolution, which brought an end to the Qing dynasty and led to the establishment of the Republic of China. Although major fighting had ceased by 1949, the Chinese Civil War is technically still ongoing, with the de facto independent Republic of China in Taiwan still claiming to be the legitimate government of all of China. Meanwhile, the People's Republic of China attempted to annex Taiwan several times during the Taiwan Strait Crises. Large-scale human-caused deaths persisted during the White Terror (Taiwan) and under the People's Republic of China, which initiated the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries (1950–1953). This campaign resulted in the execution of an estimated 712,000 to 2,000,000 people.[27][28]
  4. [d]
    Almost all of these deaths were caused by Old World diseases and not violent conflict.[37]
  5. [e]
    Almost all of these deaths were caused by Old World diseases and not violent conflict.[54]
  6. [f]
    In the midst of these conflicts, the Ogaden War between Ethiopia and Somalia occurred in the Horn of Africa, resulting in the deaths of approximately 37,000 people. This war was a phase of the broader Ethiopian–Somali conflict.
  7. [g]
    Various start dates have been offered for when the civil war in Somalia began. The Central Bank of Somalia,[116] the United Nations,[117][118] the US Office of the Secretary of Defense,[119] and Necrometrics all assert that the conflict started in 1991, after the ouster of the Siad Barre administration.[120] Political scientist James Fearon argues that the start of the conflict could be dated to 1981, when armed Isaaq clan militias began to launch small-scale attacks against the Barre regime and its Isaaq members, to the razing of the Isaaq majority town of Hargeisa in 1988 by state forces, or to 1991, following the collapse of the Barre administration and the commencement of interclan warfare. For analytical purposes, he settles on 1991 for the start date of a new civil war, because the fighting had begun previously, but a major party to the conflict was defeated.[121] Robinson writes that the "civil war had effectively begun by 1987", referring to Compagnon.[122]
  8. [h]
    Sources:[161][162][163][164][165][166][167]
  9. [i]
    While the civil war ended in 1939, mass killings would continue until 1947, during the White Terror period, which led to the extermination of 160,000-400,000 liberals, socialists of different stripes, Protestants, intellectuals, homosexuals, Freemasons, Jews, and Basque, Catalan, Andalusian, and Galician nationalists.[171][172][173]
  10. [j]
  11. [k]
    A no-fly zone was imposed on Iraq following this conflict, which led to several cruise missile strikes against it between 1991 and 2003, some of them in response to Iraqi actions during the Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (that lasted between 1994 and 1997), and others due to Iraq's failure to comply with United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction.
  12. [l]
    Sources:[227][228][229][230][231][232]
  13. [m]
    Sources:[237][238][239][240][111]
  14. [n]
    While the starting point of the conflict is usually denoted as the 1948 Arab–Israeli War or the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, violent strife emerged in the region as soon as 1920 during the Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine.[241]
  15. [o]
    Political violence in the country has been recorded as early as 1954.[255]

References

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