List of early Hindu–Muslim military conflicts in the Indian subcontinent
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The table below lists the early Hindu-Muslim military conflicts in the Indian subcontinent.[1]
(Color legend for victory in the conflicts)
| Muslim | Hindu | Inconclusive |
| Year | Aggressor | Location | Commander | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 637 | Muslim | Tanah, near Mumbai | Caliph Umar | Naval raid failure[1][2] |
| c. 643 | Muslim | Debal | Caliph Umar | Naval raid failure[2] |
| c. 643 | Muslim | Broach | Caliph Umar | Naval raid failure[2] |
| c. 650 | Muslim | Sistan | The Arabs initially succeeded but ultimately lost everything after return[2] | |
| 650 | Muslim | Zaranj | Caliph Uthman | City of Zabul occupied by Muslims[1] |
| 660s | Muslim | Bust | Ibn Samarah | Bust occupied; Kabul garrisoned[1] |
| 660s | Muslim | Kabul | Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura | Abd al-Rahman seized Kabul and triumphed in Zabulistan.[2] |
| 670s | Hindu | Kabul | unknown | Hindus recapture Kabul[1][2] |
| 680 | Hindu | Kabul | Ratbil, Yazid ibn Ziyad | Hindu raiding parties harass Muslims[1] |
| 683 | Hindu | Junzah | Hindus defeated the Muslims at Junzah, killing the governor and nobles.[2] | |
| 685 | Hindu | The king of Zabul was killed and his army defeated in 685. His son signed a treaty[2] | ||
| 692 | Muslim | Bust | Abu Dulhah, Ratbil | Bust retaken by Muslim expedition[1] |
| 694 | Muslim | Kabul | Ibn Abi-Makrah, Ratbil | Major Muslim siege fails to retake Kabul[1] |
| 695 | Muslim | Kabul | Al-Hajjaj Ubaidullah |
The kings of Zabul and Kabul defeated the Muslims, causing many deaths, including Ubaiduliah from grief.[2] |
| 699 | Muslim | Zabul | Al-Hajjaj Abd-ar-Rahman |
Abd-ar-Rahman defeated the king of Zabul and ravaged the land.[2] |
| 711 | Muslim | Debal | Ubaidullah, Dahir of Aror (Brahmin dynasty) | Ubaidullah killed by Dahir expedition failed[1] |
| 712 | Muslim | Debal | Budail, Jaisiah (Hullishah) (Brahmin dynasty) | Budail was killed and many Arabs taken prisoners raja Dahir was the king at that time[1] |
| 713 | Muslim | Multan | Muhammad ibn Qasim | Islamic conquest of urban Sindh completed[1] |
| 715 | Hindu | Alor | Jaisiah (Hullishah) (Brahmin dynasty), al-Muhallab | Hindu army retakes major city from Muslims.[1] |
| 715 | Hindu | Mehran | Jaisiah (Hullishah) (Brahmin dynasty), al-Muhallab | Muslims stall the Hindu counter-offensive[1] |
| 718 | Hindu | Brahmanabad | Jaisiah (Hullishah) (Brahmin dynasty), al-Muhallab | Hindu attacks resume[1] |
| 721 | Muslim | Brahmanabad | al-Muhallab, Hullishah | Hullishah becomes a Muslim, likely due to military reversals.[1] |
| 725 | Muslim | Avanti | Nagabhata I (Pratihara) | Defeat of large expedition against Avanti.[1] |
| 723-726 | Muslim | Uzain, Mirmad, Dahnaj, others | Junayd of Sindh | Raiding India as part of Umayyad Hindu policy.[1] |
| 723-726 | Muslim | al-Bailaman, al-Jurz | Junayd | Annexed by Muslims.[1] |
| 723-726 | Muslim | Vallabhi | Junayd of Sindh, Nagabhata I (Pratihara) | Pratihara capital sacked in Muslim raid.[1][3][4] |
| between 720–730 | Muslim | towards Central India | Junayd, Yashovarman, Lalitaditya Muktapida | Lalitaditya's and Yashovarman's strategic alliance repelled and defeated the Muslims.[5] |
| 740 | Muslim | Chittor | Mauray of Chittor | Hindus repulse an Arab siege[1] |
| 754-775 | Muslim | ar-Rukhraj, Kabul, Kandahar, Kashmir | Caliph Al-Mansur | Heavy raids and sieges but few annexations by Muslims[1] |
| 778 | Muslims | Barabad | Caliph Al-Mahdi | Muslim amphibious assault annihilated.[1] |
| Late 770s | Muslim | Sijistan | Caliph Al-Mahdi | Raja of Sijistan made vassal of Caliphate.[1] |
| 780-787 | Muslim | Fort Tharra, Bagar, Bhaqmbur | Haji Abu Turab | Vigorous Muslim offensive captures several important Hindu outposts.[1] |
| 786-791 | Muslim | Kabul | Caliph ar-Rashid | Major Muslim siege effort fails.[1] |
| 800-810 | Hindu | Sindh border | Nagabhata II (Pratihara), Caliph Al-Amin | Several Muslim outposts fall to Pratihara incursions[1] |
| 810-820 | Muslim | Kabul | Caliph Al-Ma'mun, Nagabhata II (Pratihara) | Kabul falls to Muslims, is then retaken by Hindus.[1] |
| 820-830 | Muslim | Fort Sindan | al-Fadl ibn Mahan | Sindan captured, but Hindu riots make pacification of Sindh impossible.[1] |
| 839 | Hindu | Fort Sindan | Mihira Bhoja(Pratihara) | Hindus expel Muslim garrison.[1] |
| 845 | Hindu | Yavana | Dharmpala | Muslim principality becomes vassal of Pratiharas.[1] |
| 845-860 | Hindu | Pratihara-Sindh | Mihira Bhoja (Pratihara) | Uneasy truce between Sindh and Rajputana.[1] |
| 860 | Hindu | Rajputana-Sindh | Kokalla I (Kalachuri) | Kalachuri raids into Sindh to finance war with Pratihara kingdom[1] |
| 867 | Muslim | Herat | Yakub ibn Layth | Saffarid conquest[1] |
| 870 | Muslim | Kabul | Yakub ibn Layth, Lalliya Shahi | Saffarid conquest[1] |
| 880-900 | Muslim | Sijistan | Amr ibn Layth, Kamaluka Shahi | Frequent raids by Muslims.[1] |
| 903-905 | Hindu | Kabul region | Shahi dynasty | Disintegration of Saffarids allows major Hindu military achievements.[1] |
| 905-915 | Hindu | Multan region | Mahipala Pratihara | Series of major but unsuccessful Hindu sieges of Multan.[1] |
| 940-950 | Hindu | Multan region | Pratihara, Amir of Multan | Evidences of war and reprisals prior to the Qarmatian take-over.[1] |
| c. 948-963 | Muslim | Alptigin | Punjab | Alptigin of Ghazni plunders Punjab several times.[6] |
| 963 | Muslim | Alptigin, Anuk Lawik | Fort Ghazni | Muslims take fort from Hindus.[1] |
| 965-973 | Muslim | Lamghan | Sabuktigin | Heavy raiding[1] |
| 973 | Hindu | Ghazna | Sabuktigin | Defeat of Hindu expedition.[1] |
| 973-991 | Muslim | Lamghan | Sabuktigin, Jayapala (Hindu Shahi) | Long series of engagements, eventual Muslim annexation of Lamghan[1] |