List of fictional astronauts (Project Mercury era)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Lists of fictional astronauts | ||
|---|---|---|
| Early period | Project Mercury | Project Gemini |
| Project Apollo | 1975–1989 | 1990–1999 |
| 2000–2009 | 2010–2029 | Moon |
| Inner Solar System | Outer Solar System | Other |
| Far future | ||
The following is a list of fictional astronauts from the era of Project Mercury and the Vostok programme, the beginning of the "Golden Age" of space travel.
Maj. William Gart (actor Jim Hutton) panics in And When the Sky Was Opened (1959 episode of The Twilight Zone)
| Name(s) | Appeared in | Program / Mission / Spacecraft | Fictional date | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mercury (1960–1963) | ||||||
| "Doc" Adams, Dr. (Space medicine expert) Ed Pete Tom (no last names given for last three) |
Sea Hunt Diving for the Moon (1959), TV |
Operation Moon Dive | Contemporary | |||
| Candidates for first spacecraft crew take part in underwater survival test.[1] | ||||||
| Terry (no last name given) | "Star Mother" (1959), short story | United States: Explorer XII |
Near Future (April) | |||
| Astronaut in one-man capsule struck by meteorite.[2] | ||||||
| Clegg Forbes, Col. Ed Harrington, Col. William Gart, Maj. |
The Twilight Zone And When the Sky Was Opened (1959), TV |
United States Air Force: X-20 |
Contemporary/Near Future | |||
| Astronauts return from first crewed space flight and begin to vanish from the world and people's memories.[3][4][5] | ||||||
| Adam Stepanic, Maj. | Assignment - Mara Tirana (1960), novel | Mercury? | Contemporary/Near Future (October) | |||
| First American to make successful spaceflight. When his spacecraft malfunctions after 20 of 26 planned orbits he is forced to bring the craft down in Romania. Spacecraft launched by Atlas rocket with second-stage Thor-Able.[6][7] | ||||||
| Dave Armstrong (Australia) Peter Corbitt, Flt Lt (UK) Len Cassidy (US) Jeff Burrows (US) |
The Astronauts (1960), TV movie | Unknown | Contemporary/Near Future | |||
| Candidates to be first human in space.[8][9][10][11] | ||||||
| William Allison, Maj. | Beyond the Time Barrier (a.k.a. The Last Barrier) (1960), film | United States Air Force: X-80 |
1960 / 2024 | |||
| Test pilot on suborbital flight in experimental aircraft travels into the future.[12][13] | ||||||
| Norman Puckle, Ordinary Seaman | The Bulldog Breed (1960), film | Royal Navy: Bosun |
Contemporary | |||
| Royal Navy launches ordinary recruit into space.[14][15] | ||||||
| Roy Selby (Army Signal Corps) | The Clear Horizon (1960–62), TV | United States | Contemporary | |||
| Soap opera about astronauts at Cape Canaveral.[16][17] | ||||||
| Three unnamed astronauts | "Egocentric Orbit" (1960), short short story | Unknown (one-man capsules) | Contemporary/Near Future | |||
| First three men in Earth orbit experience unexpected psychological effects.[18][19] | ||||||
| Thomas H. Morris | "The Long Way Back" (1960), short story | N/A | Near Future | |||
| 18 years after devastating nuclear war, historian Morris becomes the first man in space when he is launched aboard makeshift spacecraft to assemble solar power satellite and enable reconstruction of civilization.[20][21] | ||||||
| R. G. "Bob" Donlin, Col. (Commander) Corey (Flight Officer) Pierson (Flight Officer) Hudack (Navigator) |
The Twilight Zone I Shot an Arrow into the Air (1960), TV |
Project XX 2: Arrow One |
Contemporary/Near Future | |||
| Four survivors of eight-man crew crash on what they think is an asteroid, but turns out to be Nevada.[22][23][24] | ||||||
| Joe Unnamed pilot |
"X-15" (1960), song | X-15 | 1997 | |||
| Two X-15 pilots race their planes around Earth.[25] | ||||||
| Nicholai Soloviov, Dr. | Armchair Theatre The Man Out There (1961), TV |
Soviet Union: Troika |
Contemporary | |||
| Cosmonaut trapped in orbit due to solar flare activity causing failure of escape tower to jettison. He assists Canadian family by radio.[26][a] | ||||||
| Jose Jimenez | Jose Jimenez the Astronaut (1961), Jose Jimenez in Orbit (1962), LP records | Mercury | Contemporary | |||
| Astronaut in the United States Interplanetary Expeditionary Force (USIEF). They were going to send a dog... but they thought that would be too cruel. | ||||||
| Squarely Stable | N/A (Early 1960s) | Mercury | Contemporary | |||
| Husband of Primly Stable, super-perfect astronaut wife in skits performed by Rene Carpenter and other Mercury wives.[27][28] | ||||||
| Michael Alfred Robert Samson ("Mike Mars") Johnny Bluehawk Jack Lannigan Rodney Harger Joseph Stacey Orin McMahan Hart Williams Todd Larner |
Mike Mars series (1961–1966), novels | Project Quicksilver (X-15, Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, S-IVB space station) | Contemporary (1962–1969) | |||
| Astronauts in a project paralleling the actual Mercury, Gemini and Apollo projects.[29] | ||||||
| Margaret MacKenzie, Lt. | Tarzan, King of the Jungle #51 The Lost Astronaut (1961), comic |
Operation High Ball | Contemporary | |||
| NASA launches a young female pilot into space on a Mercury test flight. The mission goes wrong and in an emergency re-entry, the astronaut narrowly escapes death when her capsule lands in a central African lake. Tarzan rescues her and helps her return to civilization and her home in Massachusetts.[30] | ||||||
| Campbell (First name not given) Dennis "Den" Lynds Harry Jackson, Capt. Forrest (First name not given) |
"What Need of Man?" (1961), short story | Project Argus | Contemporary/Near Future | |||
| Astronauts involved in the testing of a fully automated winged orbital re-entry vehicle.[31] | ||||||
| Matt Powell (NASA) | X-15 (a.k.a. Time of Departure, X-15, Time of Departure) (1961), film | X-15 | Contemporary | |||
| Test pilot (loosely based on Joseph A. Walker) flies X-15 to the edge of space.[32][33][34] | ||||||
| Four unnamed astronauts "Dead-Eye" Dick Williamson, Maj. Gabby Stark, Col. Pluto III/Pluto IV: Lucius L. "Lucky" Lucas, Col. Pluto V: Myron Philpot Phipps, Maj. (Ph.D.) |
The Astronaut (1962), novel | United States Air Force Project Pluto: Pluto III Pluto IV Pluto V |
Contemporary | |||
| Military Earth-orbit project in competition with U.S. Army and Navy efforts. Lucas' death is falsely announced to cover up Pluto IV launch failure; Phipps becomes first American in orbit on Pluto V.[35] | ||||||
| Mike Sklorski, Maj. (US) | The Big Pull (1962), TV | Unknown | Contemporary/Near Future | |||
| First astronaut to pass through Van Allen radiation belt dies, then begins to merge with other people.[36] | ||||||
| Howard Judgen, Maj. | First Through Time (aka The Time Factor) (1962), novel | Unspecified[b] | Contemporary/Near Future | |||
| Astronaut reassigned from the space program to take part in a time travel experiment.[38] | ||||||
| Caroline Baker, Maj. | The Adventures of Little Archie The Missing Astronaut Mystery (1963), comic |
Mercury-Atlas | 1963 | |||
| Major Caroline Baker prepares to become the first female astronaut by making a brief solo spaceflight on a late Mercury-Atlas mission. After being launched successfully, Baker's re-entry is far off course; Soviet agents kidnap her when she splashes down.[39] | ||||||
| (USAF) Matt Crispin Duke Dalmead George Raccoli (USN) Bruce Blair Rupert Meredith |
A Flight of Chariots (1963), novel | Mercury Columbia 12 |
Contemporary | |||
| Fictional astronauts added to the original Mercury Seven four months after they were selected. Matt Crispin's flight in Columbia 12 ends with an emergency landing in the Gibson Desert when the oxygen system fails.[40][41] | ||||||
| Steve Crandon | The Outer Limits "The Man with the Power" (1963), TV |
Unknown | Contemporary/Near Future | |||
| Astronaut recruited for telekinetic asteroid mining project.[42] | ||||||
| Joseph Reardon, Capt. | The Outer Limits "The Man Who Was Never Born" (1963), TV |
Unknown | 1963 | |||
| Astronaut who travels through "time convulsion" in Earth orbit and finds himself on post-apocalyptic Earth in 2148.[43][44][45] | ||||||
| Sid Stein (Commander) Mike Seaman, Dr. (Communications Corporation [COMCORP]) (Engineer) |
"The Trouble with Telstar" (1963), short story | Dyna-Soar Nelly Bly |
Contemporary/Near Future | |||
| Astronauts launched to carry out the first in-space repair of a malfunctioning satellite.[46] | ||||||
| Robert Gaines, Maj./ Robert Gaines, Col. |
Twilight Zone "The Parallel" (1963), TV |
Mercury? MX Ten (Phoebus Ten)/Astro Seven |
Contemporary/Near Future | |||
| Astronaut visits parallel universe where John F. Kennedy is not the U.S. President.[47][48][49][50] | ||||||
| John Jameson, Col. | The Amazing Spider-Man, Spider-Man Unlimited, Spider-Man 2 (1963–present), comics, TV, and film | Mercury, Apollo | Contemporary | |||
| A NASA astronaut who was afflicted with lycanthropy after discovering the Godstone, a magical ruby, on the Moon. | ||||||
| Andy (no last name given) | Andy Astronaut (1968), picture book | Unknown (one-man capsule) | Contemporary | |||
| Profile of typical astronaut's career and spaceflight.[51] | ||||||
| Hal Brennan, Col. Michael Barnes, Dr. |
Countdown (1970), novel | NASA: Hermes program |
Early 1960s | |||
| Astronauts in follow-up program to Mercury, using one-man Hermes spacecraft launched by Titan rockets. Barnes is nearly killed on program's final mission due to oxygen system failure.[52] | ||||||
| Unnamed cosmonaut | Tell Her About It (1983), music video | Vostok? | July 31, 1963[c] | |||
| Cosmonaut watches The Ed Sullivan Show from orbit.[53] | ||||||
| Unnamed cosmonaut | Top Secret "Codename: Cancer (The Crab)" (1987), role playing game |
Vostok | 1963 | |||
| Soviet cosmonaut launched aboard a modified Vostok designed to be used as a nuclear bomber. Dies of oxygen starvation when his spacecraft is launched into a higher than planned orbit.[54] | ||||||
| Maurice Minnifield | Northern Exposure (1990–1995), TV | Mercury | Contemporary | |||
| Former NASA astronaut living in Alaska. | ||||||
| Amerika Bomber/Silbervogel: Horst Reinhardt,[d] Lt. (Luftwaffe) Lucky Linda: Rudy "Skid" Sloman, Lt. (Army Air Force) (Capt., USN, in short story) (Pilot) Joe McPherson (Backup pilot)[e] U.S. Space Force: Gerry Mander[f] |
"Goddard's People" (a.k.a. "Operation Blue Horizon") (1991), short story V-S Day (2014), novel |
Luftwaffe: Silbervogel ("Silver Bird") (A-9 Amerika Bomber in short story) United States Army Air Force: Operation Blue Horizon X-1 (Lucky Linda) |
January 19, 1942 – May 26, 1944 (Alternate History) / 1991 (Alternate History) (short story) August 20, 1941 – June 1, 1943 (Alternate History) / June 1, 2013 (Alternate History) (novel) | |||
| Alternate history in which Nazi Germany and the US launch first crewed spaceflights in 1943 (1944 in short story). Mander, one of the engineers who builds Lucky Linda, later becomes an astronaut, serves on space station and travels to Moon. Set in same timeline as Steele's short story "John Harper Wilson" and novel The Tranquillity Alternative (q.v.).[55][56][57] | ||||||
| Alex Dan Carl (no last names given) Unnamed pilots |
The Blue Ball (1995), play | Unknown | 1960s | |||
| Early space program of unspecified country. Alex is the first man in space, with Dan as his backup. Dan and Carl experience emergency on subsequent mission.[58] | ||||||
| Charles Jones | Voyage (1996), novel | Mercury | Early 1960s (Alternate History) | |||
| Second American to orbit Earth (on mission similar to Mercury-Atlas 7) in alternate history in which President Kennedy is wounded, and Jacqueline Kennedy killed, in November 1963 shooting.[59] | ||||||
| Project Mercury: Wayne, Col. (no first name given) Aspire 7: Theodore Harris, Col. Daedalus: Sullivan, Maj. (Commander) Carlton Powers (Co-Pilot) Ted Harris, Col. (Host Lecturer) Martin Reese (Journalist) Lil Vaughn (Passenger) Ty Chafey (Passenger) Barbara Chafey (Passenger) |
The Outer Limits "Joyride" (1999), TV |
Mercury: Aspire 7 Powers Industries: XR-141 (Daedalus) (Single-stage-to-orbit spaceplane) |
September 16, 1963 2001 | |||
| Thirty-eight years after seeing strange lights in orbit on Mercury flight, Harris seizes chance to return to space aboard commercial spaceplane.[60] | ||||||
| Lloyd Macadam, Col. (AIT) Bricker (USSR) |
Astronauts in Trouble: Space: 1959 (2000), graphic novel | Aerospace Intelligence Taskforce (AIT) (part of USAF) | 1959 | |||
| When Soviet agent Bricker commandeers secret US Moon rocket, Col. Macadam climbs aboard as rocket takes off to make sure that first man on Moon is American.[61] | ||||||
| Zipp Codwin, Col. (USAF) (NASA Administrator) | The Destroyer The Wrong Stuff (2001), novel |
Mercury | October 2001 | |||
| NASA Administrator is former astronaut who flew two Mercury missions.[62] | ||||||
| Katerina Vasiliyevna Taraskaya, Jr. Lt. | Red Moon (2001), novel | Vostok | c. 1963 | |||
| A supporting character is the young and powerful Col. Katerina Borazova. Four years earlier, when merely Jr. Lt. Taraskaya, she had been launched into orbit after the Soviet premier personally selected her to be the first woman in space. Character is loosely based on Valentina Tereshkova.[63] | ||||||
| Alkilina Mikhailovna Chirikova, Jr. Lt. | Paragaea (2006), novel | Vostok | 1964 | |||
| This novel begins in 1964, with the Soviet Union's second female cosmonaut Jr. Lt. Akilina Chirikova, already aboard Vostok 7, waiting nervously to be blasted into Earth orbit. To her relief, she is launched successfully, but after a couple of uneventful orbits, her ship enters a wormhole, and subsequently she lands in another world, a parallel Earth, called Paragaea.[64] | ||||||
| Carl Bell, Capt. (USAF) | Fallout 3 (2008), video game | United States Space Administration (USSA): Defiance 7 (Mercury-like) |
May 5, 1961 (Alternate History) | |||
| In this video game taking place in 2277, exactly 200 years after a nuclear war, the player can visit the Museum of Technology in the ruins of Washington D.C. The game (and the rest of the series) takes place in an alternate timeline that diverges from reality after World War II. One aspect of this timeline is that the United States was consistently ahead of the Soviet Union in the Space Race, unlike reality, where the US lagged behind it in the 1950s and early 1960s, although as in reality, the US still won the space race by beating the Soviets to the Moon and landing there in July 1969. As part of its exhibit on the Space Race, the museum details a slightly different version of Mercury-Redstone 3/Freedom 7 called Defiance 7, launched on May 5, 1961 (the day Freedom 7 was launched) by the United States Space Administration (USSA), the timeline's version of NASA, and piloted by US Air Force Captain Carl Bell. The flight lasted 12 minutes and 7 seconds and made one full revolution around the Earth. It is explicitly stated that Carl Bell was the first person in space (with no mention of Yuri Gagarin, the Soviet cosmonaut who holds the title in reality). Unlike Gagarin or Freedom 7's Alan Shepard (who was the first American in space), Bell did not survive his spaceflight, having died in a crash landing. Carl Bell's widow, Edwina Bell, donated Carl's space suit and skeleton to the museum and both are on display there. Both of the main Communist states of the time, the Soviet Union and China, disputed the United States' claim of sending a human into space first.[65] | ||||||
| Francine Barry | Children of Orion (2010), online novel | Mercury | September 1963 (Alternate History) | |||
| In this alternative history novel female pilots are included in NASA's 1962 astronaut group. One of them is to fly a Mercury mission before that program ends and become the first woman in space. Francine Barry, a 31-year-old civilian test pilot, is selected for the task. The Soviets fly a woman cosmonaut first, but the confident Ms. Barry still rides into orbit on the final Mercury-Atlas, designed Serenity 7.[citation needed] | ||||||
| Unnamed cosmonaut | Yulia (2010), song/music video | Vostok? | Unknown | |||
| Cosmonaut on solo mission is doomed by malfunction while his wife/girlfriend watches on television.[66] | ||||||
| Unnamed cosmonaut | The Last Cosmonaut (2011), short film | Vostok? | April 5, 1958 | |||
| Cosmonaut on secret pre-Gagarin mission aborts reentry.[67] | ||||||
| Yelena Z. Kovalovski, Lt. | The Sea of Okhotsk (2011), novel | Vostok | November 1963 | |||
| Fantasy novel in which veteran Soviet Air Force flight instructor Lt. Yelena Kovalovski becomes the second woman in space, aboard Vostok 7.[68][69] | ||||||
| Natalya Dmitrievna Kubasova, Lt. | Sparrow's Flight (2011), novel | Vostok | September 1960 | |||
| In September 1960, the Soviet Union is ready to launch the first human into space. A female Soviet Air Force pilot, Lt. Natalya Kubasova, is launched in a Vostok capsule, but just after reaching orbit, the capsule malfunctions and the cosmonaut plunges to Earth, landing in the American mid-West.[70] | ||||||
| Arthur Whitman | Waltz for One (2012), short film | Whitman Enterprises: Omega 7 (Mercury-like) |
1960s | |||
| "Wealthy eccentric" Whitman attempts to set solo space endurance record.[71] | ||||||
| Unnamed American astronaut | Hoax Hunters Issue Nº.0 (2013), online comic | Mercury | 1961 and Contemporary | |||
| Astronaut launched into orbit prior to John Glenn to investigate Soviet space activity. He and the crow accidentally launched with him are bizarrely affected when exposed to Zero-point energy.[g][72] | ||||||
| Tatyana Fedorova, Capt. Alexander Mikhailov, Maj. |
Into the Silent Sea (2013), short film | Vostok 5B | 1963 | |||
| In early 1963, the Politburo presses leaders of the space program to put Captain Fedorova, trainee cosmonaut and daughter of a senior Party official, into space on the Vostok 5B mission. When launch is brought forward, the risks of a mission failure increase. Fedorova is deemed too well-connected to be risked, so is replaced by Mikhailov. After a successful launch, he becomes stranded in orbit, and losing contact with his base, his final contact with Earth is with an Italian radio operator. | ||||||
| Unnamed cosmonaut | The Landing (2013), short film | Vostok | August 6, 1960 – April 12, 1961 / Contemporary | |||
| First Soviet in space is killed by American farmer after crash landing.[73] | ||||||
| Liza Olegovna Klubnikova, Jr. Lt. | Notte Dell’Avvenire (2013), Italian language novel | Vostok 7 | 1963 | |||
| This novel spans the period from 1960 to 1989. After being plucked from a parachute club for selection as a cosmonaut, Klubnikova is nominated to go into space on Vostok 7, in 1963. Her belief in the Soviet system, and what she calls 'the Dream', gives her reassurance that the dangerous mission will be a success. However, during launch, she suffers hallucinations, due to oxygen starvation and anxiety, and loses contact with Earth. Three days later, she survives a crash landing, but is spirited away after her spaceflight and forced to present a false portrayal of her mission for propaganda purposes. Her belief in the Soviet system is shaken, and she is spirited away to live in obscurity in Berlin. In 1989, with the Soviet Union crumbling, she finally breaks her silence about her trip into space.[74] | ||||||
| Unnamed cosmonaut | Kosmonauta (2014), short film | Vostok | May 23, 1961 | |||
| Female lost cosmonaut featured in allegedly authentic recording by Judica-Cordiglia brothers.[75] | ||||||
| Alexei (no last name given) | Ad Astra (2016), short film | Vostok | c. early 1960s | |||
| Cosmonaut who experiences emergency prior to reentry.[76] | ||||||
| Vladimir Felixovich Gogol | Blue Darker Than Black (2016), novel | Vostok | Early 1960s | |||
| Cosmonaut who flew three secret ten-day military missions concurrent with publicly acknowledged Vostok program. In 1964, at the end of his third flight, he crash-landed in China and spent 40 months among Mongolian nomads.[77] | ||||||
| Guy Taylor, Cmdr. | Capsule (2016), film | Hermes | December 4, 1959 | |||
| British pilot on secret Earth-orbital mission launched from Woomera.[78][79] | ||||||
| Oliver Grier, Cmdr. | Anomaly (2019), short film | NASA Anomaly Program: Anomaly 1 (Mercury-like) |
Late 1960s (through December) | |||
| Astronaut on mission to launch space telescope.[80] | ||||||
| Unnamed astronaut | Infinity 7 (2019), short film | Mercury: Infinity 7 |
Early 1960s | |||
| Mercury astronaut stranded in orbit due to electrical malfunction and retrofire failure.[81] | ||||||
| William Florescu, Cmd. | The Astronaut of God (2020), film | United States: US Genesis 1491 (Mercury-like) |
January 2, 1962 | |||
| Romanian American astronaut on solo Earth-orbital mission to investigate the possible presence of God. Florescu is the fifth human in space.[82] | ||||||
| Sacha Grishna Alina Vitat' 4: Unnamed cosmonaut |
"Orbit" (2020), short story | Vostok?: Vitat' 4 |
c. 1960 | |||
| Third man in space reflects on how he, like his predecessors, will be erased from history.[83] | ||||||
Notes
- ↑ Telecast exactly one month before launch of Vostok 1.
- ↑ At the conclusion of the novel Judgen mentions "... I may become the second or third man to make a circuit of the moon."[37]
- ↑ Stated in an on-screen caption to be a Sunday. July 31, 1963, was in fact a Wednesday.
- ↑ Spelled "Reinhart" in short story.
- ↑ Appears only in novel.
- ↑ Appears only in novel.
- ↑ It is unclear if the flight is a suborbital flight or a full orbit. Dialog implies a full orbit, but the illustration shows a Redstone, rather than an Atlas.
References
- ↑ Jones, Bill. "SEA HUNT Episode Guide". Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
- ↑ Young, Robert F. (January 1959). "Star Mother". Amazing Stories. Retrieved June 5, 2022 – via Project Gutenberg.
- ↑ Serling, Rod (December 11, 1959). "And When the Sky Was Opened". The Twilight Zone. Season 1. Episode 11. CBS.
- ↑ Zicree, Marc Scott (1989). The Twilight Zone Companion (2nd ed.). Silman-James Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 1-879505-09-6.
- ↑ Grams, Martin Jr. (2008). The Twilight Zone: Unlocking the Door to A Television Classic. OTR Publishing. pp. 209–214. ISBN 978-0-9703310-9-0.
- ↑ Aarons, Edward S. (1960). Assignment - Mara Tirana. Fawcett Gold Medal.
- ↑ Masteller, Randall. "Summary: Assignment - Mara Tirana". Spy Guys and Gals. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
- ↑ "TV Drama About Men in Space". "The Age" Radio/TV Supplement. Melbourne. April 21, 1960. Page 5, columns 1-3. Retrieved May 21, 2022 – via Google News.
- ↑ "Astronauts on TV". "The Age" Radio/TV Supplement. Melbourne. May 12, 1960. Page 3, columns 6-7. Retrieved May 21, 2022 – via Google News.
- ↑ "Wednesday Television". "The Age" Radio/TV Supplement. Melbourne. May 12, 1960. Page 11, column 6. Retrieved May 21, 2022 – via Google News.
- ↑ Vagg, Stephen (February 18, 2019). "60 Australian TV Plays of the 1950s and '60s". FilmInk. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
- ↑ Scheib, Richard (March 7, 2005). "Beyond the Time Barrier (1960)". Moria Science Fiction, Horror and Fantasy Film Review. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
- ↑ "Beyond the Time Barrier". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
- ↑ Robert Asher (Director) (1960). The Bulldog Breed (Motion picture). Retrieved February 3, 2021.
- ↑ Scheib, Richard. "The Bulldog Breed (1960)". Moria Science Fiction, Horror and Fantasy Film Review. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
- ↑ Hyatt, Wesley (1997). The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television. Billboard Books. pp. 100–101. ISBN 0-8230-8315-2. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
- ↑ Etter, Jonathan (2015). Gangway, Lord! (The) Here Come the Brides Book. BearManor Media. p. 453. ISBN 978-1-59393-506-1. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
- ↑ Cory, John (May 1960). "Egocentric Orbit". Astounding Science Fiction.
- ↑ Cory, John (September 2013). "Egocentric Orbit". Flash Fiction Online. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
- ↑ Bova, Ben (February 1960). "The Long Way Back". Amazing Stories.
- ↑ Bova, Ben (2016). "The Long Way Back". The Best of Bova. Vol. 1. Baen Books. pp. 12–27. ISBN 978-1-62579-481-9. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ↑ Serling, Rod (January 15, 1960). "I Shot an Arrow into the Air". The Twilight Zone. Season 1. Episode 15. CBS.
- ↑ Zicree 1989, pp. 97–98
- ↑ Grams 2008, pp. 226–230
- ↑ Evans, Michelle (2013). Burgess, Colin (ed.). The X-15 Rocket Plane: Flying the First Wings into Space. Outward Odyssey: A People's History of Spaceflight. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 287–288, 434. ISBN 978-0-8032-2840-5.
- ↑ Giltinan, Donal (March 12, 1961). "The Man Out There". Armchair Theatre. Season 4. Episode 27. ITV.
- ↑ Wolfe, Tom (1979). The Right Stuff. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 404–405. ISBN 0-374-25032-4.
- ↑ Koppel, Lily (2013). The Astronaut Wives Club: A True Story. Grand Central Publishing. pp. 72–74. ISBN 978-1-4555-0325-4.
- ↑ Flood, Justine (2006). "Mike Mars: Astronaut - A critical analysis of te [sic] 1960s books written by Donald Wollheim in the 1960s". The Thunder Child. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
- ↑ "Dell Giant #51 - Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan King of the Jungle". Grand Comics Database. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- ↑ Calin, Harold (February 1961). "What Need of Man?". Amazing Stories. Retrieved April 12, 2022 – via Project Gutenberg.
- ↑ Luciano, Patrick; Coville, Gary (2002). Smokin' Rockets: The Romance of Technology in American Film, Radio and Television, 1945–1962. McFarland & Company. pp. 131–133, 228–229. ISBN 9780786412334.
- ↑ Evans 2013, pp. 265, 270–278
- ↑ "X-15". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ↑ Searls, Hank (1962). The Astronaut. Pocket Books.
- ↑ "Action TV – The Big Pull episode guide". Star Trader. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
- ↑ Gordon, Rex (1965). The Time Factor. Panther Books. p. 124.
- ↑ Gordon, Rex (1965) [First published by Ace Books in 1962]. The Time Factor. Panther Books.
- ↑ "The Adventures of Little Archie #27". Grand Comics Database. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
- ↑ Cleary, Jon (1966) [Gives year of first publication as 1963]. A Flight of Chariots. Fontana.
- ↑ Cleary, Jon (1977). A Flight of Chariots. Fontana. ISBN 0-00-614587-6.
- ↑ Schow, David J.; Frentzen, Jeffrey (1986). The Outer Limits: The Official Companion. Ace Books. pp. 93–97. ISBN 0-441-37081-0.
- ↑ Schow & Frentzen 1986, pp. 127–134
- ↑ Murray, Noel (October 21, 2010). "The Outer Limits, "The Man Who Was Never Born"". The A.V. Club. G/O Media. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
- ↑ Westfahl, Gary (2012). The Spacesuit Film: A History, 1918–1969. McFarland & Company. pp. 199–200. ISBN 978-0-7864-4267-6.
- ↑ Berryman, John (June 1963). "The Trouble with Telstar". Analog Magazine. Retrieved April 13, 2022 – via Project Gutenberg.
- ↑ Serling, Rod (March 14, 1963). "The Parallel". The Twilight Zone. Season 4. Episode 11. CBS.
- ↑ Zicree 1989, pp. 349–350
- ↑ Grams 2008, pp. 576–580
- ↑ Westfahl 2012, pp. 108–109
- ↑ Davis, Daphne (1968). Andy Astronaut. Golden Busy People. Illustrated by Craig Pineo. Golden Press.
- ↑ Slaughter, Frank G. (1970). Countdown. Doubleday & Company. LCCN 76-103776.
- ↑ Billy Joel – Tell Her About It (Official Video) (Music video). 1983. Retrieved March 9, 2026.
- ↑ Rasmussen, Merle M.; Rasmussen, Jackie; Moore, Roger E. (May 1987). "Operation Zodiac". Dragon. Vol. XI, no. 12. pp. 74–79.
- ↑ Steele, Allen (July 1991). "Goddard's People". Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction.
- ↑ Steele, Allen (1993). "Goddard's People". Rude Astronauts. Old Earth Books. pp. 109–130. ISBN 1-882968-00-X.
- ↑ Steele, Allen (2014). V-S Day. Ace Books. ISBN 978-0-425-25974-0.
- ↑ Godfrey, Paul (1995). The Blue Ball. Methuen Drama. ISBN 978-0-413-68820-0.
- ↑ Baxter, Stephen (1996). Voyage. HarperPrism. ISBN 0-06-105258-2.
- ↑ "THE OUTER LIMITS - JOYRIDE". Archived from the original on February 4, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
- ↑ Young, Larry (2003). Astronauts in Trouble. Art by Charlie Adlard and Matt Smith. AiT/Planet Lar. ISBN 1-932051-12-0.
- ↑ The Wrong Stuff. The Destroyer. Vol. 125. Written by James Mullaney. Gold Eagle. 2001. ISBN 0-373-63240-1.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ↑ Cassutt, Michael (2001). Red Moon. Forge. ISBN 0-312-87440-5.
- ↑ Roberson, Chris. "Paragaea: A Planetary Romance". Monkeybrain, Inc. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
- ↑ Macgregor, Jody (July 28, 2018). "Major events in the Fallout timeline". PC Gamer. Future US, Inc. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
- ↑ Scott Coffey (Director) (October 5, 2010). Wolf Parade – Yulia [OFFICIAL VIDEO] (Music video). Retrieved March 31, 2016.
- ↑ J. Van Auken (Writer/Director) (2011). The Last Cosmonaut (Motion picture) (in Russian and English). Retrieved June 16, 2015.
- ↑ Neil, Anne-Marie (2011). The Sea of Okhotsk. The Snow Dragon Trilogy. Vol. 3. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1466438286.
- ↑ The Sea of Okhotsk (The Snow Dragon Trilogy Book 3). ASIN 1466438282.
- ↑ Kepfield, Sam (2011). Sparrow's Flight. Musa Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61937-146-0.
- ↑ John Merizalde (Director) (2012). Waltz for One (Motion picture). Intellectual Propaganda. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
- ↑ Moreci, Michael; Seeley, Steve (2013). "Hoax Hunters Issue Nº.0". Impact Comics.
- ↑ Josh Tanner (Director/Co-Writer) (2013). The Landing (Motion picture). Perception Pictures. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
- ↑ Spiga, Massimo. "Notte dell'Avvenire". Heisenberg Studio.
- ↑ Mirjam Veske (Production Designer), Nils Eilif Bremdal (Cinematographer) (2014). Kosmonauta (Motion picture). Retrieved August 14, 2018.
- ↑ Lauric Bonnemort, Clémentin Massin, Pierre Vallerich (Directors) (2016). Ad Astra (Motion picture). ArtFX. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
- ↑ Jenne, Mike (2016). Blue Darker Than Black. Yucca Publishing. ISBN 978-1-63158-066-6.
- ↑ Cardullo, Paul (September 8, 2016). ""Capsule" (GenreBlast 2016): A Tense, Dynamic, Character-Driven, Science Fiction Drama Well Worth Watching". Gruesome Magazine. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
- ↑ Scheib, Richard (May 30, 2018). "Capsule (2016)". Moria Science Fiction, Horror and Fantasy Film Review. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
- ↑ Salomon Ligthelm, Dan Difelice (Directors) (2019). Anomaly (Motion picture). Sypher Films. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
- ↑ Brett Williams (Writer/Director) (2019). Infinity 7 (Motion picture). MotionArts. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
- ↑ Jackson, Amber (September 6, 2020). "The Astronaut of God - film review". UK Film Review. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
- ↑ Bunting, Geoffrey (January 6, 2020). "Orbit". Bridge Eight Press. Retrieved April 7, 2021.