List of human disease case fatality rates

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Human infectious diseases may be characterized by their case fatality rate (CFR), the proportion of people diagnosed with a disease who die from it (cf. mortality rate). It should not be confused with the infection fatality rate (IFR), the estimated proportion of people infected by a disease-causing agent, including asymptomatic and undiagnosed infections, who die from the disease. IFR cannot be higher than the CFR and is often much lower, but is also much harder to calculate. This data is based on optimally treated patients and excludes isolated cases or minor outbreaks, unless otherwise indicated.

More information Pathogen type, Treatment stage ...
Key
Pathogen typeTreatment stage
Viral disease No treatment or cure
Bacterial disease No cure
Amoebic disease Unvaccinated
Fungal disease Untreated
Parasitic disease Vaccinated/treated
Prion Co-infection
Chromosomal Disease Unknown
Molecule Disease Symptomatic
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More information Disease, Type ...
Disease Type Treatment stage
[clarification needed]		 CFR Notes Refs.
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy Prion No treatment and no cure[1] 100%[2] Includes Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and all its variants, fatal insomnia, kuru, Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome, Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy and others.
No cases of survival, invariably fatal.		 [3]
Rabies Viral Unvaccinated and untreated ≈100% Preventable with vaccine and PEP (dropped to near 0% rate) but once symptoms manifest, there is no cure and the CFR is greater than 99%. 4 known people who survived were simply vaccinated too late,[4] after symptoms started; more recently, at least 3 individuals have survived after being placed in a medically induced coma, however, this protocol has since been disputed.[5] [6]
Pneumonic plague Bacterial Unvaccinated and untreated ≈100% The most virulent among the three forms of plague, hypothesised to be the Black Death. Victims of the Black Death who vomited blood occasionally survived, such as the chronicler Marcha di Marco Battagli. [7]: 58 
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Viral Untreated ≈100% Rare form of a measles infection, might be treatable if the disease hasn't progressed past Stage 1.
African trypanosomiasis Parasitic (protozoan) Untreated >99% Without treatment, this disease is nearly invariably fatal due to its parasitic and extremely debilitating nature.[8] [9]
Visceral leishmaniasis Parasitic (protozoan) Untreated >99% [10]
Naegleriasis Amoebic with ICU treatment ≈98.5% From 1962 to 2022, there have been 157 recorded cases of this infection within the United States, only 4 of those 157 individuals survived the disease. A combination of various antifungal, antibacterial and antiemetic drugs have shown effectiveness in survivors. [11]
Glanders Bacterial Untreated 95% The rate drops significantly to >50% with treatment. [12]
Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis Amoebic No cure[13] 90% 150 cases worldwide, only < 10 survivors have been identified. [14][15]
HIV/AIDS Viral Untreated 99% [16]: 1 
Anthrax, pulmonary Bacterial Unvaccinated and untreated 85% Early treatments lower the CFR to 45% as seen in the 2001 AMERITHRAX letter attacks.
Monoclonal antibodies (Obilotoxaximab & Raxibacumab) could lower this further.		 [7]: 88 
Lujo virus Viral 80% [17]
B virus Viral Untreated ≈80% B virus infection of humans is extremely rare. As of 2020, there have been 50 documented cases of human B virus infection since the identification of the virus in 1932, 21 of which led to death. Early treatment including aciclovir can improve prognosis. [18]
Aspergillosis, invasive pulmonary form Fungal Opportunistic w/COPD, Tuberculosis and Immuno-
compromised		 [50–90]% [19]
Ebola Viral Unvaccinated and untreated [25–90]% The rate averages out at 50% for all variants of ebolaviruses, among which the one by EBOV is the deadliest in terms of both the fatality and morbidity rates, with fatalities ranging between 42% and 90%. Prognosis improved by early supportive treatments as seen in the West African epidemic and the Kivu outbreak. [20][21]
Marburg virus disease – all outbreaks combined Viral Untreated [23–90]% 23% in 1967 when it was first identified and 90% in 2004-2005 when the worst outbreak of the disease occurred. Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Filoviridae. [22][23]
Smallpox Variola major Viral Untreated and Unvaccinated [9.3-100]% Eradicated. The overall fatality rate of all forms was 30%, which dropped significantly to 10% with effective treatments and 3% with vaccination. Around 90% of all the cases were the ordinary form whose untreated/unvaccinated rate was between 9.3 (normal) to 62% (confluent rashes); about 2% of the cases developed into the haemorrhagic form which approached 100% untreated fatality rate. [7]: 28 
[24]
Nipah virus Viral Untreated [40-75]% This rate can vary by outbreak depending on local capabilities for epidemiological surveillance and clinical management. [25][26]
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Viral ≈53% The deadliest form of all the avian flu on humans. [27]
Mucormycosis (Black fungus disease) Fungal [40–80]% [28]
Tularemia, pneumonic Bacterial Untreated ≤ 60% [7]: 78 
Cryptococcal meningitis Fungal Co-infection with HIV [40–60]% 6 month mortality is ≥ 60% with fluconazole-based therapy and 40% with amphotericin-based therapy in research studies in low and middle income countries. [29]
Anthrax, gastrointestinal Bacterial Unvaccinated and untreated > 50% [7]: 27 
Tetanus, Generalized Bacterial Unvaccinated and untreated 50% CFR drops to [10–20]% with effective treatment. [30]
Tuberculosis, HIV Negative Bacterial Vaccinated 43% Vaccines have been developed but have been frequently dismissed for having received controversial and improper testing on African populations. [citation needed] [31]
Septicemic plague Bacterial Unvaccinated and untreated [30–50]% [7]: 58 
Baylisascariasis Parasitic (helminthous) ≈40% With occurrence of Neural Larva Migrans; early, aggressive treatment necessary for survival, but only 2 full recoveries from NLM ever documented. [32]
Hantavirus infection Viral 36% Ribavirin may be a drug for HPS and HFRS but its effectiveness remains unknown, still, spontaneous recovery is possible with supportive treatment.
Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Viral 34% Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Coronaviridae. [33]
Eastern equine encephalitis Viral ≈33% [34]
Bubonic plague Bacterial Unvaccinated and untreated [5–60]% [7]: 57 
Anthrax, gastrointestinal, oropharyngeal type Bacterial [10–50]% [7]: 27 
Varicella (chickenpox), in newborns Viral Untreated ≈30% Where the mothers develop the disease between 5 days prior to, or 2 days after delivery. [16]: 110 
Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) Viral Untreated 26% Dengue haemorrhagic fever is also known as severe dengue.[35] [36]
Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) Viral No cure [15–30]% No specific treatment; usually involves supportive care. [37]
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) Viral Untreated ≈21% Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Bunyavirales. [38]
Tularemia, typhoidal Bacterial Untreated [3–35]% [7]: 77 
Leptospirosis Bacterial <[5–30]% [16]: 352 
Meningococcal disease Bacterial Unvaccinated and untreated [10–20]% [39]
Typhoid fever Bacterial Unvaccinated and untreated [10–20]% [16]: 665 
Legionellosis Bacterial ≈15% [16]: 665 
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Viral 11% Galidesivir has shown promise in treating Coronaviridae. [40]
Intestinal capillariasis Parasitic (helminthous) Untreated ≈10% [41]
Visceral leishmaniasis Parasitic (protozoan) ≈10% [42]
Botulism Bacterial toxin Treated < 10% Untreated foodborne botulism is thought to be ≈50%. [43]
Diphtheria, respiratory Bacterial Unvaccinated and untreated ≈[5-10]% [44]
Yellow fever Viral Unvaccinated 7.5% [45]
Pertussis (whooping cough), infants in developing countries Bacterial Unvaccinated ≈3.7% [16]: 456 
Smallpox, Variola major Viral Vaccinated 3% [7]: 88 
Cholera, in Africa Bacterial ≈[2–3]% With proper treatment, may be less than 1%, while without treatment may reach 50%. [46][47][48][49][50]
1918 (Spanish) flu Viral Treated [2.5-9.7]% varies with population, up to 22% in Western Samoa. [51][52][53]
Angiostrongyliasis Parasitic (helminthous) ≈2.4% From Hawaiian cases. [54]
Measles (rubeola), in developing countries Viral Unvaccinated ≈[1–3]% May reach [10–30]% in some localities. [16]: 431 
Brucellosis Bacterial Untreated ≤ 2% [16]: 87 
Hepatitis A, adults > 50 years old Viral Unvaccinated ≈1.8% [16]: 278 
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Viral Unvaccinated &
Treated with unspecific treatments		 0.88% Depends largely on the age group of the person, earlier strains of COVID-19 had higher CFR of around 0.1%.[55][56] [57]
Lassa fever Viral Treated ≈1% 15% in hospitalized patients; higher in some epidemics. [58]
Mumps encephalitis Viral Unvaccinated ≈1% [16]: 431 
Pertussis (whooping cough), children in developing countries Bacterial Unvaccinated ≈1% For children 1–4 years old. [16]: 456 
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) Viral < 1% [7]: 97–98 
Anthrax, cutaneous Bacterial < 1% [7]: 27 
Seasonal Influenza, Worldwide Viral Largely unvaccinated,
Treated		 < 0.1–0.5%
[failed verification]		 Depends largely on the age group of the people. [59]
Malaria Parasitic (protozoan) ≈0.3% [60]
Smallpox, Variola minor Viral Unvaccinated 0.1-0.3% [7]: 87–88 
Hepatitis A Viral Unvaccinated [0.1–0.3]% [16]: 278 
Polio Viral Without artificial breathing support ≈0.1% 0.5% of all infected become paralysed. Of those, about [10–20]% die.
Fatality rates vary by age: 2–5% for children, and up to 15–30% for adults.		 [61][62]
Asian (1956–58) flu Viral ≈0.1% [63]
Hong Kong (1968–69) flu Viral ≈0.1% [63]
Influenza A, typical pandemics Viral < 0.1% [51]
Varicella (chickenpox), adults Viral Unvaccinated 0.02% [16]: 110 
Hand, foot and mouth disease, children < 5 years old Viral 0.01% [64]
Varicella (chickenpox), children Viral Unvaccinated 0.001% [16]: 110 
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