List of invocations of the Insurrection Act
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of invocations of the Insurrection Act of 1807.[1]
The act has been invoked by fifteen Presidents and illegally by one Army general, in response to 30 incidents. Its latest invocation was during the 1992 Los Angeles riots.
List
| Date invoked | Invoker | Cause | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| April 19, 1808 | Thomas Jefferson | Violations of the Embargo Act of 1807 around Lake Champlain.[2] | Violations continued, act repealed in 1809.[3] |
| February 10, 1831 | Andrew Jackson | Dispute around Arkansas-Mexico border.[4] | Resolved before troops sent.[1] |
| August 24, 1831 | Nat Turner's Rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia.[5] | Rebellion suppressed.[6] | |
| January 28, 1834 | Riot over labor dispute in Maryland.[7] | Resolved before troops sent.[7] | |
| April 15, 1861 | Abraham Lincoln | Secession of southern states, American Civil War.[8] | Civil war ends after four years. Beginning of Reconstruction era.[9] |
| October 17, 1871[10] | Ulysses S. Grant | Insurgency across former Confederacy.[11] | Insurgency suppressed.[1] |
| May 22, 1873 | Violence in Louisiana after contested election.[12] | Resolved before troops sent.[1] | |
| May 15, 1874 | Brooks–Baxter War in Arkansas.[13] | Resolved before troops sent.[1] | |
| September 15, 1874 | Battle of Liberty Place in Louisiana.[14] | New Orleans and state government liberated, insurgency continued in other areas until 1877.[1] | |
| December 21, 1874 | Insurrection and massacre in Vicksburg.[15] | Insurrection suppressed.[16] | |
| October 17, 1876 | Paramilitaries in South Carolina.[17] | Paramilitaries dispersed, troops stay until 1877.[1] | |
| July 18, 1877 | Rutherford B. Hayes | Railroad strike in multiple states.[18] | Strike suppressed. Eventual reform.[19] |
| October 7, 1878 | War between rival business/gang factions in Lincoln County, New Mexico.[20] | Most fighting stops.[21] | |
| May 3, 1882 | Chester A. Arthur | Gang violence in the Arizona Territory.[22] | Gangs suppressed.[1] |
| November 7, 1885 | Grover Cleveland | Tacoma riot of 1885 against Chinese citizens in the Washington Territory.[23] | Riot suppressed.[23] |
| February 9, 1886 | Seattle riot of 1886 against Chinese citizens in the Washington Territory.[23] | Riot suppressed.[23] | |
| July 8, 1894 | Pullman Strike in multiple states.[24] | Strike suppressed. Eventual reform.[25] | |
| April 28, 1914 | Woodrow Wilson | Strike and uprising in Colorado.[26] | Strike and uprising suppressed. Eventual reform.[27] |
| August 30, 1921 | Warren G. Harding | Strike and uprising in West Virginia.[28] | Strike and uprising suppressed. Eventual reform.[29] |
| July 28, 1932 | Douglas MacArthur | Army general illegally invokes act against WWI veterans marching for military bonuses in Washington, D.C.[30] | Protest suppressed.[31] |
| June 21, 1943 | Franklin D. Roosevelt | Race riot in Detroit.[32] | Riot suppressed.[33] |
| September 23, 1957 | Dwight D. Eisenhower | Arkansas National Guard forbids black students from a school in Little Rock.[34] | Arkansas National Guard federalized and ordered to stand down. Federal troops escort black students to school.[35] |
| September 30, 1962 | John F. Kennedy | Siege and riot of University of Mississippi due to racial integration.[36] | Riot suppressed.[37] |
| June 11, 1963 | Governor of Alabama forbids black students from a school in Tuscaloosa.[38] | Alabama National Guard federalized and ordered to stand down. Federal troops escort black students to school.[39] | |
| September 10, 1963 | Alabama National Guard forbids black students from all-white schools.[1] | Alabama National Guard federalized and ordered to stand down. | |
| March 20, 1965[40] | Lyndon B. Johnson | Alabamian policemen suppress first Selma to Montgomery marches.[41] | Federalization of Alabama National Guard before the third march. |
| July 24, 1967 | Protests and riots in Detroit.[42] | Riots suppressed.[43] | |
| April 5, 1968 | Riots and civil unrest in multiple states after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr..[44] | Riots suppressed.[45] | |
| November 24, 1987 | Ronald Reagan | Prison riot in Atlanta over announced deportations of Cuban detainees.[46] | Riot suppressed.[47] |
| September 20, 1989 | George H. W. Bush | Looting in the United States Virgin Islands after Hurricane Hugo.[48] | Order restored.[49] |
| May 1, 1992[50] | Riots in Los Angeles after the acquittal of policemen who beat Rodney King.[51] | Riot suppressed.[52] |