List of kings of Ebla

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The list of kings of Ebla includes the known monarchs of Ebla who ruled three consecutive kingdoms. For the first kingdom's monarchs, tablets listing offerings to kings mention ten names,^[1] and another list mentions 33 kings.^{[note 1]}^[3]^[2] No kings are known from the second kingdom and all dates are estimates according to the Middle chronology.^[4]^[5]

First Eblaite kingdom (c. 3100 – c. 2290 BC)

More information #, Depiction ...

#	Ruler	Succession	Approx. date of reign	Comments
1st	Sakume	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 3100 BC^[6]	The first king ruled approximately 660 years before the destruction of the first kingdom; the year 2400 was used by Robert R Stieglitz as the date of the destruction resulting in the year c. 3100 BC for the beginning of Sakume's reign^[7]
2nd	Su (.) (...)	Unclear succession	Uncertain	Name damaged^[3]
3rd	Ladau	Unclear succession	Uncertain
4th	Abugar	Unclear succession	Uncertain
5th	Namnelanu	Unclear succession	Uncertain
6th	Dumudar	Unclear succession	Uncertain
7th	Ibla	Unclear succession	Uncertain
8th	Kulbanu	Unclear succession	Uncertain
9th	Assanu	Unclear succession	Uncertain
10th	Samiu	Unclear succession	Uncertain
11th	Zialu	Unclear succession	Uncertain
Early Dynastic I period (c. 2900 – c. 2700 BC)
12th	Enmanu	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2740 BC^[4]
13th	Namanu	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2720 BC^[4]
Early Dynastic II period (c. 2700 – c. 2600 BC)
14th	Da (.) (.)	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2700 BC^[4]	Name damaged^[3]
15th	Sagisu	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2680 BC^[4]
16th	Dane'um	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2660 BC^[4]
17th	Ibbini-Lim	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2640 BC^[4]
18th	Ishrut-Damu	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2620 BC^[4]
Early Dynastic IIIa period (c. 2600 – c. 2500 BC)
19th	Isidu	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2600 BC^[4]
20th	Isrut-Halam	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2580 BC^[4]
21st	Iksud	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2560 BC^[4]
22nd	Talda-Lim	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2540 BC^[4]
23rd	Abur-Lim	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2520 BC^[4]
Early Dynastic IIIb period (c. 2500 – c. 2400 BC)
24th	Agur-Lim	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2500 BC^[4]
25th	Ib-Damu I	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2480 BC^[4]	A seal bearing his name was found in Kültepe^[8]
26th	Baga-Damu	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2460 BC^[4]
27th	Enar-Damu	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2440 BC^[4]	Amongst the most referenced deified kings in the offering lists^[6]
28th	Eshar-Malik	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2420 BC^[4]
Proto-Imperial period (c. 2400 – c. 2290 BC)
29th	Kun-Damu	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2400 BC^[4]
30th	Adub-Damu	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2380 BC^[4]	Short reign^[9]
31st	Igrish-Halam	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2360 BC^[4] (12 years)^[10]
32nd	Irkab-Damu	Son of Igrish-Halam	c. 2351 - c. 2340 BC^[4] (11 or 12 years)^[11]	Died same year as Enna-Dagan of Mari^[12]
33rd	Isar-Damu	Son of Irkab-Damu	c. 2340 - c. 2305 BC^[4] (35 years)^[11]	His Queen was Tabur-Damu^[13]
	Ir'ak-Damu	Son of Isar-Damu	Uncertain	A prince, might have ascended the throne for a short period^[3] Pottery seals of the Egyptian pharaoh Pepi I have been found in the destruction layer of the city

Second Eblaite kingdom (c. 2290 – c. 2030 BC)

Ebla arose again for a time during the Ur III period (c. 2100 BC) though no ruler names are yet known. It may have been a vassal of Ur for a time.

Third Eblaite kingdom (c. 2030 – c. 1590 BC)

More information #, Depiction ...

#	Ruler	Succession	Approx. date of reign	Comments
Isin-Larsa period (c. 2025 – c. 1763 BC)
	Igrish-Heba	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2000 BC^[14]
	Ibbit-Lim	Son of Igrish-Heba	Uncertain, fl. c. 2000 – c. 1950 BC^[15]
	Ib-Damu II	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 2000 – c. 1750 BC^[14]
Old Babylonian period (c. 1763 – c. 1590 BC)
	Immeya	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 1750 – c. 1725 BC^[16]	His grave is identified with the so-called "Tomb of the Lord of the Goats"^[17]
	Hammu(....)	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 1750 BC	A successor of Immeya, not necessarily the direct one, the name was damaged but probably Hammurabi^[18]
	Sir-Damu	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 1750 – c. 1600 BC^[19]
	Indilimma	Son of Sir-Damu	Uncertain, fl. c. 1600 BC^[20]
	Memal...arri? (Maratewari)	Unclear succession	Uncertain, fl. c. 1600 BC^[14]

Gallery

Ibbit-Lim statue, dated to the third kingdom c. 2000 BC
Seated ruler, dated to the third kingdom, exhibited at the Cleveland Museum of Art
Prince Maratewari (left), crown prince of king Indilimma

References

Notes

[1]
Tablet TM.74.G.120 discovered by Alfonso Archi.^[2]

Citations

[1]
Bryce 2014, p. 16.
[2]
Stieglitz 2002, p. 218.
[3]
Stieglitz 2002, p. 219.
[4]
Hamblin 2006, p. 241.
[5]
Frayne 2008, p. 44.
[6]
Stieglitz 2002, p. 222.
[7]
Stieglitz 2002, p. 221.
[8]
Archi 2002, p. 25.
[9]
Dolce 2008, p. 68.
[10]
Frayne 2008, p. 3-16.
[11]
Archi 2011, p. 5.
[12]
Archi, Alfonso., "The Wars of Ebla at the Time of Minister Ibrium" Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 189-220, 2021
[13]
Biga, Maria Giovanna., "The Reconstruction of a Relative Chronology for the Ebla Texts.", Orientalia, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 345–67, 2003
[14]
Archi 2015, p. 24.
[15]
Pettinato 1981, p. 27.
[16]
Aruz, Graff & Rakic 2013, p. 10.
[17]
Matthiae 2008, p. 35.
[18]
Matthiae 2010, p. 218.
[19]
Archi 2015, p. 20.
[20]
Matthiae 2006, p. 86.

Sources

Archi, Alfonso (2015). "A Royal Seal from Ebla (17th cent. B.C.) with Hittite Hieroglyphic Symbols". Orientalia. 84 (1). Gregorian Biblical Press: 18–28. JSTOR 26153279.
Alfonso Archi and Maria Giovanna Biga, "A Victory over Mari and the Fall of Ebla", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 55, pp. 1–44, 2003
Bryce, Trevor (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-100292-2.
Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-52062-6.
Pettinato, Giovanni (1981). The archives of Ebla: an empire inscribed in clay. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-13152-0.
Aruz, Joan; Graff, Sarah B.; Rakic, Yelena, eds. (2013). Cultures in Contact: From Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-58839-475-0.
Matthiae, Paolo (2006). "The Archaic Palace at Ebla: A Royal Building between Early Bronze Age IVB and Middle Bronze Age I". In Gitin, Seymour; Wright, J. Edward; Dessel, J. P. (eds.). Confronting the Past: Archaeological and Historical Essays on Ancient Israel in Honor of William G. Dever. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-117-7.
Matthiae, Paolo (2010). Ebla: la città del trono : archeologia e storia. Piccola biblioteca Einaudi: Arte, architettura, teatro, cinema, música (in Italian). Vol. 492. Einaudi. ISBN 978-88-06-20258-3.
Matthiae, Paolo (2008). "Ebla". In Aruz, Joan; Benzel, Kim; Evans, Jean M. (eds.). Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-58839-295-4.
Archi, Alfonso (2011). "In Search of Armi". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 63. The American Schools of Oriental Research: 5–34. doi:10.5615/jcunestud.63.0005. ISSN 2325-6737. S2CID 163552750.
Frayne, Douglas (2008). Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods (2700–2350 BC). The Royal inscriptions of Mesopotamia Early Periods. Vol. 1. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-9047-9.
Stieglitz, Robert R. (2002). "The Deified Kings of Ebla". In Gordon, Cyrus Herzl; Rendsburg, Gary (eds.). Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language. Vol. 4. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-060-6.
Archi, Alfonso (2002). "Formation of the West Hurrian Pantheon: The Case Of Ishara". In Yener, K. Aslihan; Hoffner, Harry A.; Dhesi, Simrit (eds.). Recent Developments in Hittite Archaeology and History. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-053-8.
Dolce, Rita (2008). "Ebla before the Achievement of Palace G Culture: An Evaluation of the Early Syrian Archaic Period". In Kühne, Hartmut; Czichon, Rainer Maria; Kreppner, Florian Janoscha (eds.). Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 29 March - 3 April 2004, Freie Universität Berlin. Vol. 2. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05757-8.

Notes

Citations

Sources

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