List of nuclear fusion companies
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Commercial fusion is a term used to refer to privately or publicly held companies which aim to sell electricity produced by nuclear fusion. The industry now consists of over 40 companies that have attracted a combined total of more than $7 billion in investment.[1][2]
Commercial fusion companies
Companies pursue various different fusion methods for reactors. Some pursue one method, such as magnetic, inertial, or electrostatic confinement. Some pursue hybrid methods such as magneto–inertial or magneto–electrostatic confinement. More methods exist; see below:
| Company | Years active |
Method | Fuel | Country | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acceleron Fusion (formerly NK Labs, LLC) |
2008–2022 (NK Labs) 2023– present (Acceleron) |
Muon-catalyzed | Deuterium - tritium | [3][4][5] | |
| Avalanche Energy | 2018– present |
Magneto–electrostatic confinement: cusp, colliding beam | Deuterium - tritium | [6][7] | |
| Blue Laser Fusion | 2022– present |
Inertial confinement: optical enhancement cavity (OEC) laser | Proton - boron | [8][9] | |
| Commonwealth Fusion Systems (formerly Compact Fusion Systems) |
2018– present |
Magnetic confinement: tokamak | Deuterium - tritium | [10][11] Spin-off: Massachusetts Institute of Technology | |
| Cortex Fusion Systems | 2021– present |
Inertial confinement: non-thermal, laser | Deuterium - tritium | [12] | |
| Crossfield Fusion Ltd | 2019– present |
Closed orbit, velocity resonant systems | [13] Reactor development ended 2021[14][15] | ||
| CTFusion, Inc | 2015–2023 | Magnetic confinement: dynomak | Deuterium - tritium | Spin-off: University of Washington[16][17][18] | |
| Deutelio | 2022– present |
Magnetic confinement: levitated dipole | Deuterium - deuterium | [19][15] | |
| Electric Fusion Systems, Inc. | 2020– present |
Non-thermal: light element electric fusion (LEEF) | Proton - Lithium-7 | Rydberg matter method[20][21] | |
| EMC2 (Energy Matter Conversion Corporation) | 1985– present |
Magneto-electrostatic confinement: polywell | Deuterium - tritium | [22][23][24] | |
| Energy Singularity Energy Technology | 2021– present |
Magnetic confinement: tokamak | Deuterium - tritium | [25][26] | |
| ENN Energy | 2017– present |
Magnetic confinement: spheromak | Proton - boron | [27][28][11] | |
| EX-Fusion | 2021– present |
Inertial confinement: laser | Deuterium - tritium | [29][30] | |
| First Light Fusion | 2011– present |
Inertial confinement: impact | Deuterium - tritium | [31][32][33][15][34][11] Spin-off: University of Oxford[35] | |
| Focused Energy | 2021– present |
Inertial confinement: laser | Deuterium - tritium | [36][37][15][34][38][35] | |
| Fuse Energy Technologies Corporation | 2019– present |
Magneto-inertial: magnetized liner | Deuterium - tritium | [39] | |
| Fusion Power Corporation | 2016–2019 | Inertial confinement: heavy ion | Deuterium - tritium | [40][41] | |
| Gauss Fusion | 2022– present |
Magnetic confinement: stellarator | Deuterium - tritium | [42][15] | |
| General Atomics Fusion Division | 2022– present |
Magnetic confinement: tokamak | Deuterium - tritium | [43][44][45] | |
| General Fusion | 2002– present |
Magneto-inertial: magnetized target | Deuterium - tritium | [46][11] | |
| HB11 Energy | 2017– present |
Inertial confinement: non-thermal, laser | Proton - boron | [47][48][49][50][35] | |
| Helical Fusion | 2021– present |
Magnetic confinement: stellarator | Deuterium - tritium | [51][30] | |
| Helicity Space | 2018– present |
Magneto-inertial: plasma jet collider-compressor | Deuterium - deuterium | [52][53] For spaceflight | |
| Helion Energy | 2013– present |
Magneto-inertial: field-reversed configuration collider-compressor | Deuterium - deuterium | [54][55] | |
| Horne Technologies | 2008– present |
Magneto–electrostatic confinement: cusp | Deuterium - deuterium, proton - boron | [56][57] | |
| HyperJet Fusion | 2017– 2022 |
Magneto-inertial: plasmoid imploded by plasma jets | [58][59][11] | ||
| KMS Fusion | 1969–1990 | Inertial confinement: laser | Deuterium - tritium | [60] Work moved to General Atomics | |
| Kyoto Fusioneering | 2019– present |
Magnetic confinement: reactor subsystems | Deuterium - tritium | [61][30] Spin-off: Kyoto University[62] | |
| LaserFusionX | 2022– present |
Inertial confinement: krypton-fluoride laser | Deuterium - tritium | [63][38] | |
| Lockheed Martin | 2010– present |
Magnetic confinement: cusp | Deuterium - tritium | [64][11] | |
| Longview Fusion Energy Systems | 2021– present |
Inertial confinement: laser | Deuterium - tritium | [65][34][38][35] | |
| LPP Fusion, Inc. (Lawrenceville Plasma Physics) |
2003– present |
Magnetic confinement pinch: dense plasma focus | Proton - boron | [66] President, chief scientist: Eric J. Lerner | |
| Magneto Inertial Fusion Technology Inc. (MIFTI) | 2008– present |
Magneto-inertial: z-pinch | Deuterium - tritium | [67][68] Spin-off: University of California, Irvine; Division: US Nuclear Corp[69] | |
| Marvel Fusion | 2019– present |
Inertial confinement: laser | Proton - boron | [70][15][38][35] | |
| Norrønt AS (formerly Ultrafusion Nuclear Power) |
2016–2017 (Ultrafusion) 2018– present (Norrønt) |
Muon-catalyzed | Deuterium - tritium | [71] Merged with Norrønt Fusion Energy[72] | |
| nT-Tao | 2019– present |
Magnetic confinement: stellarator | Deuterium - tritium | [73][74] | |
| NearStar Fusion | 2021– present |
Magneto-inertial: magnetized target, impact | Deuterium - tritium, Deuterium - deuterium, proton - boron | [75][76][77] | |
| Novatron Fusion Group AB | 2019– present |
Magnetic confinement: mirror | Deuterium - tritium | [78][79][80][81] | |
| OpenStar Technologies | 2021– present |
Magnetic confinement: levitated dipole | Deuterium - deuterium (tritium suppressed) | [82] | |
| Princeton Fusion Systems (formerly Princeton Satellite Systems) |
1992–2017 (Satellite) 2018– present (Fusion) |
Magnetic confinement: field-reversed configuration | Deuterium - deuterium | [83][84][11] | |
| Proxima Fusion | 2023– present |
Magnetic confinement: quasi-isodynamic stellarator | Deuterium - tritium | [85] Spin-off: Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics[15] | |
| Realta Fusion | 2022– present |
Magnetic confinement: tandem mirror | Deuterium - tritium | [86] Spin-off: University of Wisconsin–Madison[87][88] | |
| Renaissance Fusion | 2021– present |
Magnetic confinement: stellarator | Deuterium - tritium | [89][15] | |
| Stellarex, Inc | 2022– present |
Magnetic confinement: stellarator | Deuterium - tritium | [90] Spin-off: Princeton University[62] | |
| Shine Technologies | 2005–2017 (Phoenix) 2010– present (Shine) |
Magneto-electrostatic confinement: particle accelerator | Deuterium - tritium | [91] Spin-off: Phoenix Nuclear Labs, 2010; Focus: producing radioisotopes, not energy[92][93] | |
| TAE Technologies (formerly Tri Alpha Energy) |
1998– present |
Magnetic confinement: beam driven field-reversed configuration | Proton - boron | [94][11] | |
| Thea Energy (formerly Princeton Stellarators) |
2022– present |
Magnetic confinement: stellarator | Deuterium - tritium | [95][62] | |
| Tokamak Energy | 2009– present |
Magnetic confinement: tokamak | Deuterium - tritium | [96][62] Spin-off: Culham Centre for Fusion Energy | |
| Type One Energy Group | 2019– present |
Magnetic confinement: stellarator | Deuterium - tritium | [97][88] | |
| Xcimer Energy Inc. | 2022– present |
Inertial confinement: excimer laser | Deuterium - tritium | [98][34][35] | |
| Zap Energy | 2017– present |
Magnetic confinement: z-pinch | Deuterium - tritium | [99] Spin-off: University of Washington[18][55][100] |