List of prehistoric mammals of Japan

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This list is of prehistoric mammals known from the fossil record of the Japanese archipelago. For extant mammals from the area, see List of mammals of Japan (which includes the recently extinct species on the IUCN Red List[1] and its domestic counterpart the Ministry of the Environment Red List[2]). Other species that have gone extinct in historic times and extant species that have been locally extirpated and no longer form part of the fauna of Japan but are known from the fossil or subfossil record are additionally listed at the bottom of this page.

Clade Order Family Genus Species Horizon Age
Trechnotheria†"Symmetrodonta"†Spalacotheriidae†Symmetrolestes†S. parvus
Tsubamoto & Rougier, 2004[3]		Kitadani FormationEarly Cretaceous
Theriimorpha†Eutriconodonta†Amphidontidae†Hakusanodon†H. archaeus
Rougier et al., 2007[4]		Kuwajima Formation
†Allotheria†Multituberculata†Eobaataridae†Hakusanobaatar†H. matsuoi
Kusuhashi, 2008[5]
†Tedoribaatar [it]†T. reini
Kusuhashi, 2008[5]
Eutheria†Asioryctitheria†Sasayamamylos [ja]†S. kawaii
Kusuhashi & Saegusa, 2013[6]		Sasayama Group
†Zhelestidae†Sorlestes†S. mifunensis
Setoguchi et al., 1999[7]		Mifune GroupLate Cretaceous

Cenozoic

Order Clade Family Genus Species Synonyms Image Age
†Cimolesta†Pantodonta†Coryphodontidae†Coryphodontidae sp.[8]Early–Middle Eocene
†Asiocoryphodon [es]†Asiocoryphodon sp.[8]
†Tillodontia†Esthonychidae [ru]†Trogosus†Trogosus cf. T. latidens[8]
†Higotherium†H. hypsodon
Miyata & Tomida, 1998[9]		Middle Eocene
Proboscidea†Gomphotherioidea†Gomphotheriidae†Gomphotherium†G. annectens [species]Hemimastodon annectens
Matsumoto, 1924[10]		Early Miocene
Bunolophodon yokotii
Makiyama, 1938[11]
†Sinomastodon†S. sendaicus [it][12]Trilophodon sendaicus
Matsumoto, 1924[10]		Early Pliocene
Elephantoidea†Stegodontidae†Stegolophodon†S. pseudolatidens[13]Eostegodon pseudolatidens
Yabe, 1950[14]		Miocene
Stegolophodon tsudai
Shikama & Kirii, 1956[15]
Stegolophodon miyokoae
Hatai, 1959[16]
†Stegodon†S. miensis [ja]Stegodon clifti miensis
Matsumoto, 1941[17]		Pliocene
Stegolophodon shinshuensis
Fossil Elephant Research Group, 1979[18]
Stegodon bombifrons
Itsukaichi Stegodon Research Group, 1980[19]
Stegodon cf. elephantoides[20]
†S. protoaurorae [ja]
Aiba, Baba & Matsukawa, 2010[21]		Late Pliocene–Early Pleistocene
†S. aurorae[20]Elephas aurorae
Matsumoto, 1918[22]		Early Pleistocene
Parastegodon? kwantoensis
Tokunaga, 1934[23]
Parastegodon sugiyamai
Tokunaga, 1935[24]
Parastegodon akashiensis
Takai, 1936[25]
Parastegodon infrequens
Shikama, 1937[26]
Stegodon shodoensis (partim)[20]
†S. orientalis[20][27]Stegodon orientalis shodoensis
Matsumoto, 1924[28]		Middle Pleistocene
Elephantidae†Palaeoloxodon†P. naumanni[11][29]: 86 Elephas namadicus naumanni
Makiyama, 1924[30]		Middle–Late Pleistocene
Loxodonta (Palaeoloxodon) tokunagai
Matsumoto, 1924[31]
Elephas indicus buski
Matsumoto, 1927[32]
Loxodonta (Palaeoloxodon) namadica yabei
Matsumoto, 1929[33]
Palaeoloxodon yokohamanus
Tokunaga, 1934[34]
Palaeoloxodon aomoriensis
Tokunaga & Takai, 1936[35]
Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) namadicus setoensis
Makiyama, 1929[36]
†Mammuthus†M. trogontherii[37]: 347 [38]Euelephas protomammonteus
Matsumoto, 1924[39]		Early Pleistocene
Parelephas protomammonteus proximus
Matsumoto, 1926[40]
Parelephas protomammonteus typicus
Matsumoto, 1926[40]
Elephas primigenius matsumotoi
Dietrich, 1927[41]
Parelephas proximus uehataensis
Shikama, 1937[42]
Archidiskodon paramammonteus shigensis
Matsumoto & Ozaki, 1959[43]
†M. primigenius[44]Late Pleistocene
SireniaDugongidae†Dusisiren†D. dewana [species]
Takahashi, Domning & Saito, 1986[45]		Late Miocene
†D. takasatensis [species]
Kobayashi, Horikawa & Miyazaki, 1995[46]
†Hydrodamalis†H. spissa
Furusawa, 1988[47]		Late Pliocene
LagomorphaOchotonidae†Alloptox [es]†A. japonicus
Tomida, 2012[48]		Early Miocene
RodentiaHystricomorphaCtenodactyloidea sp.[8]Early–Middle Eocene
Diatomyidae†Diatomys†D. shantungensis[49][50]Early Miocene
CastorimorphaCastoridae†Steneofiber†Steneofiber sp.[49]Late Oligocene
†Youngofiber†Y. sinensis[51]Trogontherium sinensis
Young, 1955[52]		Early Miocene
†Minocastor†M. godai
Mörs, Tomida & Kalthoff, 2016[53]
†Euroxenomys†E. nanus
Mörs & Tomida, 2018[54]
†Eomyoidea†Eomyidae†Megapeomys†M. repenningi
Tomida, 2011[55]		Early Miocene
†Japaneomys†J. yasunoi
Kimura et al., 2019[56]
MyomorphaCricetidaeMicrotus†M. epiratticepoides
Kawamura, 1988[57]		Middle–Late Pleistocene
Clethrionomys†C. japonicus
Kawamura, 1988[57]		Middle Pleistocene
CricetulusCricetulus sp.[58]
MuridaeNiviventerNiviventer sp.[59]Late Pleistocene-Holocene
Rattus†R. miyakoensis
Kawaguchi, Kaneko & Hasegawa, 2009[60]		Late Pleistocene
PrimatesHaplorhiniCercopithecidae†Kanagawapithecus†K. leptopostorbitalis [species]Dolichopithecus (Kanagawapithecus) leptopostorbitalis
Iwamoto, Hasegawa & Koizumi, 2005[61]		Pliocene
Strepsirrhini†Sivaladapidae†Sivaladapidae sp.[8]Early–Middle Eocene
Eulipotyphla†Plesiosoricidae [pt]†Plesiosorex [it]†P. fejfari
Oshima, Tomida & Orihara, 2017[62]		Early Miocene
Soricidae†Shikamainosorex†S. densicingulata [species]
Hasegawa, 1957[63]		Middle Pleistocene
Anourosorex†A. japonicus
Shikama & Hasegawa, 1958[64]		Late Pleistocene
ChiropteraYangochiropteraVespertilionidae†Pleistomyotis†P. longihumeralis[65][58]Middle Pleistocene
Myotis†M. okafujii[58]
†M. beppuensis[58]
†Desmostylia†Behemotops†B. katsuiei
Inuzuka, 2000[66]		Late Oligocene
†Desmostylidae†Ashoroa†A. laticosta
Inuzuka, 2000[66]
†Desmostylus†D. japonicus
Tokunaga & Iwasaki, 1914[67][68]		Miocene
†Paleoparadoxiidae†Paleoparadoxia†P. tabataiCornwallius tabatai
Tokunaga, 1939[69]
†P. media
Inuzuka, 2005[70]
ArtiodactylaSuinaSuidaeSuidae indet.[50]Palaeochoerus japonicus
Takai, 1954[71]		Early Miocene
†Hyotherium†H. shanwangense[72]Middle Miocene
Cetancodontamorpha†Entelodontidae†Entelodon†E. gobiensis[73]Late Eocene
†Dichobunoidea sp.[8]Middle–Late Eocene
†Anthracotheriidae†Bothriogenys†Bothriogenys sp.[73]Late Eocene
†Bothriodon†B. sandaensis
Tsubamoto et al., 2007[74]		Middle–Late Eocene
†Elomeryx†E. japonicus[75]Brachyodus japonicus
Matsumoto, 1925[76]		Middle Oligocene
Cetacea†Sinanodelphis†S. izumidaensis [species]
Makiyama, 1936[77]		Miocene
Delphinidae†Eodelphinus†E. kabatensisStenella kabatensis
Horikawa, 1977[78]
†Norisdelphis†N. annakaensis [uk]
Kimura & Hasegawa, 2020[79]
Pseudorca†P. yokoyamai
Matsumoto, 1926[80]		Pliocene
Orcinus†O. paleorcaOrca paleorca
Matsumoto, 1937[81]		Early Pleistocene
†Kentriodontidae†Kentriodon†K. sugawarai [species]
Guo & Kohno, 2021[82]		Early–Middle Miocene
†K. hobetsu [species]
Ichishima, 1994[83]		Middle Miocene
Monodontidae†Haborodelphis†H. japonicus [species]
Ichishima et al., 2018[84]		Early Pliocene
Phocoenidae†Miophocaena†M. nishinoi
Murakami et al., 2012[85]		Late Miocene
†Archaeophocaena†A. teshioensis
Murakami et al., 2012[85]
†Pterophocaena†P. nishinoi
Murakami et al., 2012[86]
†Haborophocoena†H. toyoshimai [species]
Ichishima & Kimura, 2005[87]		Early Pliocene
†H. minutus [species]
Ichishima & Kimura, 2009[88]
†Numataphocoena†N. yamashitai [species]
Ichishima & Kimura, 2000[89]
ZiphiidaeBerardius†B. kobayashii
Kawatani & Kohno, 2021[90]		Middle–Late Miocene
†Allodelphinidae†Ninjadelphis†N. ujiharai [species]
Kimura & Barnes, 2016[91]		Early Miocene
†Awadelphis†A. hirayamai
Murakami, 2016[92]		Late Miocene
†Miophyseter†M. chitaensis
Kimura & Hasegawa, 2022[93]		Early Miocene
†Brygmophyseter†B. shigensisScaldicetus shigensis
Hirota & Barnes, 1994[94]		Middle Miocene
†Eomysticetidae†Yamatocetus†Y. canaliculatus
Okazaki, 2012[95]		Late Oligocene
Balaenidae†Idiocetus†I. tsugarensis
Matsumoto, 1926[80]		Late Miocene
†Archaeobalaena†A. dosanko [species]
Tanaka, Furusawa & Kimura, 2020[96]		Early Pliocene
†Taikicetus†T. inouei
Tanaka, Ando & Sawamura, 2018[97]		Middle Miocene
†Isanacetus†I. laticephalus [species]
Kimura & Ozawa, 2002[98]		Early Miocene
†Diorocetus†D. chichibuensis [ja]
Yoshida, Kimura & Hasegawa, 2003[99]		Miocene
†D. shobarensis [ja]
Otsuka & Ota, 2008[100]		Middle Miocene
†Parietobalaena†P. yamaokai [species]
Otsuka & Ota, 2008[100]
Cetotheriidae†Hibacetus†H. hirosei [species]
Otsuka & Ota, 2008[100]
†Joumocetus†J. shimizui
Kimura & Hasegawa, 2010[101]		Late Miocene
BalaenopteridaeEschrichtius†E. akishimaensis
Kimura, Hasegawa & Kohno, 2018[102]		Early Pleistocene
RuminantiaCervoidea indet.[50]Amphitragulus minoensis
Matsumoto, 1918[103]		Early Miocene
Cervidae†Dicrocerus†D. tokunagai
Matsumoto, 1927[104][105]
†Cervavus†C. oweni hirabayashii
Tokunaga, 1926[106][105]		Late Miocene
†Metaplatyceros†M. sequoiae
Shikama, 1941[107]		Late Pliocene
Axis†A. japonicus[108]Cervus (Axis) japonicus
Otsuka, 1967[109]		Early Pleistocene
Axis kyushuensis[110]
Elaphurus†E. akashiensisCervus akasiensis
Shikama, 1941[107]		Late Pliocene
†E. bifurcatus shikamai[111]Elaphurus shikamai [ja]
Otsuka, 1968[112]		Early Pleistocene
†E. davidianus tamaensis[111]Elaphurus (Elaphurus) tamaensis
Shikama & Hasegawa, 1976[113]
†E. davidianus menziesianus[111]Capreolus (Capreolina) mayai
Tokunaga & Takai, 1936[114]		Middle–Late Pleistocene
Elaphurus mayai[115]
Cervus†C. (Nipponicervus) kazusensis[116][108]Cervus (Sika) kazusensis
Matsumoto, 1926[117]		Pleistocene
Cervus (Deperetia) trassaerti
Shikama, 1941[107]
Cervus (Deperetia) urbanus
Shikama, 1941[107]
Cervus (Anoglochis) praenipponicus [ja]
Shikama, 1936[118]
Cervus (Deperetia) naorai
Shikama, 1936[119]
Cervus (Nipponicervus?) takaoi
Otsuka & Shikama, 1977[120]
Cervus (Deperetia) shimabarensis
Otsuka, 1967[109]
†C. astylodonMuntiacus astylodon
Matsumoto, 1926[117]
Cervus (Rucervus) riukiuensis
Matsumoto, 1926[117]
†C. greyi katokiyomasai[121][122]Cervus (Rucervus) katokiyomasai
Shikama & Hasegawa, 1965[123]
Cervus (Sika) natsumei
Matsumoto, 1938[124]
Cervus (Sika) paleoezoensis
Otsuka & Shikama, 1977[120]
†C. kyushuensisCervus (Rusa) kyushuensis
Otsuka, 1966[125]		Early Pleistocene
†C. akiyoshiensisCervus (Nipponicervus) akiyoshiensis
Otsuka, 1977[126]		Late Pleistocene
†Sinomegaceros†S. yabei [ja][120]Cervus (Sinomegaceros) yabei
Shikama, 1938[127]		Pleistocene
Megaceros kinryuensis
Matsumoto & Mori, 1956[128]
Megaceros (Sinomegaceros) ordosianus minor
Kamei, 1958[129]
Giraffa (Orasius?) nipponica
Matsumoto, 1926[117][130]
Capreolus†C. tokunagai [species]
Otuka, 1941[131]		Capreolus miyakoensis
Hasegawa, Otsuka & Nohara, 1973[132]		Pleistocene–Holocene
BovidaeBubalusBubalus sp.[58]Middle Pleistocene
Bison†B. hanaizumiensis [species]Leptobison hanaizumiensis
Matsumoto & Mori, 1956[128]		Late Pleistocene
†B. priscus[58]
Capricornis†C. (?) nikitini[116]Naemorhedus nikitini
Shikama, 1949[133]		Pleistocene
Perissodactyla†Hyopsodontidae†Hyopsodus†Hyopsodus sp.[8]Early–Middle Eocene
Hippomorpha†Brontotheriidae†Brontotheriidae sp.[8]
Equidae†Anchitherium†Anchitherium aff. A. gobiense[134]Anchitherium hypohippoides
Matsumoto, 1921[135]		Early Miocene
†Ancylopoda†Isectolophidae†Isectolophus [it]†Isectolophus sp.[8]Early–Middle Eocene
†Chalicotheriidae†Schizotheriinae sp.[136]Early Miocene
Tapiroidea†Helaletidae†Plesiocolopirus†P. grangeri[8]Desmatotherium grangeri
Tokunaga, 1933[137]		Middle Eocene
†P. kushiroensis [ja]Colodon kushiroensis
Tomida, 1983[138]		Middle Eocene–Early Oligocene
Tapiridae†Plesiotapirus†P. yagii [species]Palaeotapirus yagii
Matsumoto, 1921[135]		Early Miocene
Rhinocerotoidea†Hyrachyidae [nl]†Hyrachyuscf. †Hyrachyus sp.[74]Early–Middle Eocene
†Amynodontidae†Zaisanamynodon†Zaisanamynodon cf. Z. protheroi[8]Middle–Late Eocene
cf. †Z. borisovi[8]Late Eocene
†Amynodon [it]†A. watanabei[8]†Amynodon (?) watanabei
Tokunaga, 1926[139]		Middle–Late Eocene
Rhinocerotidae†Brachypotherium†B. pugnator[136]Teleoceras (Brachypotherium) pugnator
Matsumoto, 1921[135]		Early Miocene
Chilotherium pugnator
Teleoceras (?) kaniensis
Tokunaga, 1926[139]
Teleoceras (?) tokiensis
Tokunaga, 1926[139]
†Plesiaceratherium†Plesiaceratherium sp.[50]
†Stephanorhinus†S. kirchbergensis[140]Dicerorhinus nipponicus [ja]
Shikama, 1967[141]		Middle Pleistocene
Rhinoceros shindoi
Tokunaga, 1931[142]
Carnivora†Miacidae†Miacidae sp.[8]Early–Middle Eocene
FeliformiaFelidaePanthera†P. youngi[143]Felis youngiMiddle Pleistocene
Felis†F. microtus[144]Pleistocene
†Amphicyonoidea†Amphicyonidae†Ysengrinia†Ysengrinia sp.[145]Middle Miocene
CanoideaCanidaeCanis†C. falconeri[146]Early Pleistocene
CuonCuon sp.[147]Middle Pleistocene
Nyctereutes†N. viverrinus nipponicus
Shikama, 1949[133]		Pleistocene
MusteloideaAiluridae†Parailurus†Parailurus sp.[148]Early–Middle Pliocene
MustelidaeMeles†M. mukasianakuma
Shikama, 1949[133][58]		Middle Pleistocene
†M. leucurus kuzuuensis
Shikama, 1949[133][58]
Martes†M. ten [species]
Shikama, 1949[133]		Pleistocene
†Enhydrictis†E. (Oriensictis) nipponicaLutra nipponica
Naora, 1968[149]		Middle Pleistocene
Oriensictis nipponica[150]
Mustela†M. constricta[58][144]
†M. kuzuuensis[58]Putorius kuzuuensis
Shikama, 1949[133]		Late Pleistocene
Pinnipedia[151]†Desmatophocidae†Allodesmus[152]†A. uraiporensis [species]
Tonomori et al., 2018[152]		Middle Miocene
†A. naorai [species]
Kohno, 1996[153]
†A. sinanoensis[153]Eumetopias sinanoensis
Nagao, 1941[154]
Megagomphos sinanoensis[155]
Allodesmus megallos
Hirota, 1995[155]
Allodesmus sadoensis
Hirota, 1995[155]
†Allodesmus sp.[156]
Otariidae†Thalassoleon†T. inouei
Kohno, 1992[157]		Pliocene
†Oriensarctos†O. watasei [species]Eumetopias watasei
Matsumoto, 1925[158]		Early Pleistocene
Callorhinus†C. gilmorei[159]Pliocene
Otariidae sp.Eumetopias ojiyaensis [species]
Horikawa, 1981[160]		Late Pleistocene
Odobenidae†Prototaria†P. planicephala
Kohno, 1994[161]		Middle Miocene
†P. primigena
Takeyama & Ozawa, 1984[162]
†Pseudotaria†P. muramotoi [species]
Kohno, 2006[163]		Miocene
†Archaeodobenus†A. akamatsui
Tanaka & Kohno, 2015[164]		Late Miocene
†Protodobenus†P. japonicus [species]
Horikawa, 1995[165]		Early Pliocene
Odobenus†O. mandanoensis [species]
Tomida, 1989[166]		Middle Pleistocene

Historical extinctions and local extirpations

Order Clade Family Genus Species Synonyms Image Age
SireniaDugongidae†Hydrodamalis†H. gigas[46]Early–Middle Pleistocene
RodentiaMyomorphaCricetidaeMicrotusM. oeconomus[58]Late Pleistocene
M. fortis[58]
MyopusM. schisticolor[58]Middle Pleistocene
ArtiodactylaRuminantiaCervidaeRusaR. unicolor[167]Pliocene
AlcesA. alces[168]Late Pleistocene
MoschidaeMoschusM. moschiferus[133]Pleistocene
BovidaeBos†B. primigenius[58]Late Pleistocene
CarnivoraFeliformiaFelidaePantheraP. pardus[144]Pleistocene
P. tigris[144][116]
LynxL. lynx[144][169]Late Pleistocene-Holocene

Fossil species synonymized with extant or recently extinct species

See also

References

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