List of towns and cities in Germany by historical population

Ancient Rome developed from 200 B.C. and spread from Italy to northern Italy, northern Africa (Tunisia) and central Europe in the following period. The heyday of the ancient Romans can be seen in the 1st to 3rd century A.D., many ancient ruins date from this period.

Roman cities in Germany were mainly built along the Rhine and Danube:

• Augsburg
• Bonn
• Koblenz
• Cologne
• Mainz
• Neuss
• Nida
• Passau
• Regensburg
• Straubing
• Trier, already in the 3rd and 4th century the largest city north of the Alps with an estimated 80,000 inhabitants
• Xanten

With the migration of peoples in the 5th century, the ancient cities on the territory of present-day Germany were largely decayed. Only Augsburg, Regensburg, Trier and Cologne have been preserved as cities. The number of cities in Central Europe remained very small until about 1100 with a few hundred. By far the largest number of new cities was created in the following 250 years, when numerous cities were founded from 1120 onwards, mostly by an act of foundation and town planning. Around the beginning of the modern era, at the beginning of the 16th century, the free and imperial cities as well as the residence cities were the most important cities (among others, today mainly Dutch, French and Belgian cities):

• Cologne and Prague with over 40,000 inhabitants,
• Augsburg, Lübeck, Magdeburg and Nuremberg with about 20,000 to 30,000 inhabitants,
• Aachen, Basel, Braunschweig, Bremen, Breslau, Erfurt, Geneva, Hamburg, Lüneburg, Metz, Trier, Ulm and Vienna, with about 10,000–20,000 inhabitants.

The population figures are estimates.

The population figures are estimates.

The population figures are estimates.

The population figures are estimates.

The population and area status refer to the census of 3 December 1849.

The population and area status refer to the census of 1 December 1880.

The population and area status refer to the census of 1 December 1910.

The population and area status refer to the census of 8 October 1919.

The population and area status refer to the census of 17 May 1939.

The population and area status refer to the census of 29 October 1946.

The population figures for the year 1975 are estimates.

¹: East Berlin (1,098,174) and West Berlin (1,984,837)

The population figures for the year 2000 are estimates.

The population figures for the year 2015 are estimates.

The population figures for the year 2020 are estimates.

The population figures for the year 2022 are estimates.

• Eberhard Isenmann: Die deutsche Stadt im Spätmittelalter, 1250–1500: Stadtgestalt, Recht, Stadtregiment, Kirche, Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3800125714.
• Heinz Schilling: Die Stadt in der frühen Neuzeit. Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte. Band 24, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, München 2004, ISBN 978-3-486-56765-6.
• Wolfgang R. Krabbe: Die deutsche Stadt im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert: eine Einführung. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1989, ISBN 3-525-33555-5.
• Otto Hübner: Jahrbuch für Volkswirtschaft und Statistik, Verlag von Heinrich Hübner, Leipzig 1854
• Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt (Hrsg.): Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich, 1880–1918
• Statistisches Reichsamt (Hrsg.): Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich, 1919–1941/42
• Deutscher Städtetag (Hrsg.): Statistisches Jahrbuch Deutscher Gemeinden, 1890 ff.
• Statistisches Bundesamt (Hrsg.): Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1952 ff.
• Staatliche Zentralverwaltung für Statistik (Hrsg.): Statistisches Jahrbuch der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, 1955–1989