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Forces Loyal to Sheikh Ahmad Madani Forces Loyal to Sheikh Jabbara Forces Loyal to Sheikh Rashid bin Sa'id of Basaidu Rebelling Arab tribes Hotak remnants and Afghan raiders
The Zamorin of Calicut ceded Madilagam, Puthanchira, Chettuwaye, and Pappinvattam to the Dutch and agreed to pay tribute to them as part of the peace agreement[18]
↑The nascent political organization reached by the rebellious northern provinces with the Union of Utrecht on 23 January 1579, Groenveld 2009, pp.16–17 Groenveld 2009, pp.10–11 would be followed by the Act of Abjuration on 26 July 1581, declaring de facto independence from Spain, Groenveld 2009, pp.18–19 to finally become a republic by approving the Deduction of Vrancken on 12 April 1588.[1]
↑With the Pacification of Ghent on 8 November 1576, the States General of the Seventeen Provinces, except Luxemburg, managed to articulate a joint Catholic-Protestant political and military rebellion against the Spanish imperial government.[2] But various political, religious and military circumstances caused this union to collapse in 1579, the year in which the Netherlands was divided in two, with the Catholic provinces of the south joining in the Union of Arras on 6 January and the Protestant provinces of the north (in general terms) at the Union of Utrecht of 23 January. The southern provinces would once again be under the orbit of the Spanish government, while the northern provinces would reaffirm their political and military alliance against Spain.[3][4]
↑The rebellious provinces of the Netherlands managed to form a joint political and military rebellion against Spain after the Pacification of Ghent on 8 November 1576.[2]
↑In 1576, the States General called, at the suggestion of William the Silent, Francis, Duke of Anjou, to request his protection. In 1578 Anjou intervened with an army of French in the south of the Netherlands, but did not achieve the expected results and withdrew. In the following years he again invaded the southern Netherlands, and on 23 January 1581 the Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours was ratified between Anjou and the States General to agree to his reign in the region. His intervention in the Netherlands ended in 1583 after several defeats of his forces.[5][6]
↑After the outbreak of the Portuguese rebellion in 1640, on 12 June 1641, to the detriment of Spain, a truce and alliance agreement was reached between the Dutch Republic and Portugal with the Treaty of The Hague.[7] But this agreement was only limited to Europe, thus continuing the struggle between the Dutch and Portuguese in the colonies.[8]
↑During the Thirty Years' War, the Holy Roman Empire supported Spain with Imperial forces on the Low Countries front in 1629, 1632, and 1635, although it never directly waged war against the Dutch Republic.[9]
↑ This expedition was launched after the Algerians broke the peace treaty.
↑Historians have different opinions on the outcome, for example historian Jonathan Israel calls it a complete Dutch victory, but another historian like Dagomar Degroot, mark it as stalemate, the historian Edward Kritzler marks it as inconclusive, and Nigel Cawthorne marks it as an English victory
↑"Francisco de Alençon". Diccionario Biográfico Español (in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
↑Aleixandre Tena, Francisca (1967). "La revolución portuguesa de 1640". Saitabi: Revista de la Facultat de Geografia i Història (in Spanish) (17). Valencia, España: 95–96. ISSN0210-9980. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
↑van Nimwegen, Olaf (2010). The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588–1688. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp.217–234, 247–248. ISBN978-1-84383-575-2.
Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p.200. ISBN978-9087041274. (in cooperation with H.L.Ph. Leeuwenberg and H.B. van der Weel)
Groenveld, Simon; Leeuwenberg, Huib (2020). De Tachtigjarige Oorlog. Opstand en consolidatie in de Nederlanden (ca. 1560–1650). Derde editie (in Dutch). Zutphen: Walburg Pers. p.750. ISBN9789462495661. (e-book; original publication 2008; in cooperation with M. Mout and W. Zappey)
Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020b). Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. II. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc. ISBN979-8687563130.
Tarver, H. Michael; Slape, Emily (2016). The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-1610694216.
van der Lem, Anton (1995). "Het verhaal van de Opstand. Hoofdstuk 5: De scheiding in de Nederlanden". De Opstand in de Nederlanden (1555–1648) (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Kosmos / Leiden University. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
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