List of wars of succession in Europe

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This is a list of wars of succession in Europe.

To inherit Holland, Ada quickly married Louis before her father was buried, triggering the Loon War.[1]

Note: Wars of succession in transcontinental states are mentioned under the continents where their capital city was located. That means that wars of succession in the Byzantine Empire and Ottoman Empire are found here whenever their capital city was located at Constantinople/Kostantiniyye/Istanbul in East Thrace; for Ottoman wars of succession before 1453, see List of wars of succession § Medieval Asia. Names of wars that have been given names by historians are capitalised; the others, whose existence has been proven but not yet given a specific name, are provisionally written in lowercase letters (except for the first word, geographical and personal names).

Ancient Europe

Alexander's diadochi battled about his political legacy for 46 years.

Medieval Europe

6th–8th century

Fontenoy confirmed the partition of Francia between emperor Louis the Pious's three sons.

9th century

10th century

  • War of the Leonese succession (951–956), after the death of king Ramiro II of León[16]
  • (historicity contested) Olga's Revenge on the Drevlians [uk; ru] (945–947), after the Kievan Rus' Drevlian vassals assassinated Igor of Kiev.[17] Initially, the Drevlian prince Mal offered to marry Igor's widow Olga of Kiev and thus succeed him, but Olga appointed herself as regent over her young son Svyatoslav, made war on the Drevlians and destroyed their realm. The historicity of the events as described in the main document on the conflict, the Primary Chronicle, is contested, and the war is described as 'legendary' with a mix of fact and fiction.[citation needed]
  • Gwynedd war of succession (950), after the death of king Hywel Dda of Gwynedd and Deheubarth[citation needed]
  • Feud of the Sviatoslavichi or Kievan Rus' Dynastic War (c. 972–980), after the death of king Sviatoslav I of Kiev[18]
  • War of the Hamaland succession (c. 973 – c. 996), after the death of count Wichman II of Hamaland, between sisters Adela of Hamaland and Liutgard of Elten [nl] (supported by Balderic, Count of Upladium)[19]
  • War of the Leonese succession (982–984), continuation of the last Leonese war of succession[citation needed]
  • Stephen–Koppány war, also known as 'Koppány's rebellion' or contemporaneously 'the war between the Germans and the Hungarians' (997–998), after the death Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians. Stephen (pagan birth name: Vajk) was Géza's oldest son and claimed the throne by primogeniture; his army was described as 'the Germans'. Koppány was the brother of Géza's widow Sarolt and claimed the throne by agnatic seniority; his army was described as 'the Hungarians'. Later Christian sources emphasise Stephen's Christianity as an argument for his legitimacy, claim that Koppány was a pagan and that agnatic seniority was a 'pagan' custom as opposed to the 'Christian' custom of primogeniture, and that therefore Koppány 'rebelled' against the legitimate Christian king Stephen, but the reliability and impartiality of these sources is disputed.[citation needed]

11th century

In 1066, William of Normandy managed to enforce his claim to the English throne.

12th century

The Sack of Kiev (1169) was part of the 1167–1169 Kievan succession crisis between rival princely clans[43]

13th century

14th century

15th century

Early modern Europe

16th century

The Jülich Succession became a European war, as the future religious balance of power depended on it.

17th century

Klushino 1610: Polish–Lithuanian hussars defeat Tsarist Russia and capture Moscow in the Time of Troubles and the Dimitriads.

18th century

During the War of the Spanish Succession, a European coalition tried to keep Spain out of French hands.
The War of the Austrian Succession grew out to an almost pan-European land war, spreading to colonies in the Americas and India.[101]

Modern Europe

19th century

The death of Frederick VII of Denmark was a cause of the Second Schleswig War (1864).
The Third Carlist War (1872–1876).

Timeline

Petar of Serbia#Civil warsTwenty Years' AnarchyByzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628Roman civil war of 350–353Year of the Four EmperorsCharles the Fat#Deposition, death, and legacyCivil wars of the TetrarchyYear of the Five EmperorsRoman–Bosporan WarPyrrhus of EpirusKoppány#Rebellion and deathCarolingian civil warSiege of Laon (741)Battle of LucofaoBattle of the FrigidusYear of the Six EmperorsCrisis of the Third CenturyWars of the DiadochiFeud of the SviatoslavichiOlga of KievÆthelwold's RevoltHarald Klak#The Civil War of 812–814Frankish Civil War (715–718)EbroinBrunhilda of AustrasiaFredegundBoudicaBosporan Civil War
Ottoman Civil War (1509–13)Ottoman InterregnumFall of the Serbian EmpireByzantine civil war of 1341–1347War of the Euboeote SuccessionStefan the First-Crowned#Conflict over successionBattle of PantinaRomanos IV Diogenes#BetrayalLiberal WarsWar of the Portuguese SuccessionWar of the Castilian SuccessionNavarrese Civil War (1451–1455)Fernandine WarsFernandine WarsByzantine civil war of 1352–1357Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328Nicaean–Latin warsFourth CrusadeCarlist WarsPeninsular WarWar of the Spanish SuccessionFranco-Spanish War (1595–98)Catalan Civil War1383–1385 Portuguese interregnumWar of the Two PetersCastilian Civil WarRostislav Mikhailovich#His struggle for BulgariaAlfonso VIII of Castile#Regency and civil warWar of the Three SanchosWar of the Three SanchosFitna of al-AndalusFitna of al-AndalusWar of the Montferrat SuccessionItalian War of 1536–1538Mad WarMilanese War of SuccessionUnion of AixWar of the Sicilian VespersBattle of TagliacozzoTancred, King of Sicily#KingshipRoger II of Sicily#Rise to power in southern ItalyBohemond I of Antioch#Succession crisisBohemond I of Antioch#Succession crisisKalbidsPiedmontese Civil WarStrasbourg Bishops' WarFrench–Breton WarFrench–Breton WarWar of the Breton SuccessionBattle of TinchebrayMaine (province)#Norman conquest and rule (1062–1070)Franco-Prussian WarWar of the Quadruple AllianceWar of the Mantuan SuccessionSuccession of Henry IV of FranceWar of the Three HenrysItalian War of 1494–1495War of the Burgundian SuccessionHundred Years' WarWar of the Succession of ChampagneBaussenque WarsFulco I, Margrave of MilanWilliam the Conqueror#Duke of NormandyGuelders WarsGuelders WarsFirst War of the Guelderian SuccessionWar of the Flemish SuccessionBattle of SteppesWilliam Clito#Count of FlandersGodfrey III, Duke of Lower LorraineWar of DevolutionUtrecht war of 1481–83Utrecht war (1456–1458)#Aftermath (1470–1474)Utrecht war (1456–1458)Utrecht SchismWars of the Loon SuccessionWar of the Limburg SuccessionBattle of Cassel (1071)War of the Bavarian SuccessionNine Years' WarHook and Cod warsBremen Diocesan FeudLoon WarPeter, King of Hungary#Exile (1041–1044)War of the Austrian SuccessionHessian War#Marburg Inheritance Dispute (from 1604)Hessian WarWar of the Katzenelnbogen SuccessionCologne Diocesan Feud War of the Brabantian SuccessionHoly Roman Empire#InterregnumHoly Roman Empire#InterregnumEmeric, King of Hungary#Struggles with his brother (1196–1200)Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor#Succession crsisWar of the Polish SuccessionWar of the Jülich SuccessionHabsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568)Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568)War of the Succession of LandshutWars of the Lüneburg SuccessionThuringian Counts' WarWar of the Thuringian SuccessionGerman throne disputeFrederick II, Duke of Swabia#Salian war of successionGerman–Polish War (1003–1018)Düsseldorf Cow WarWar of the Polish Succession (1587–88)Hildesheim Diocesan FeudWar of the Hungarian SuccessionMainz Diocesan FeudOld Zürich WarWars of the Rügen SuccessionWar of the Babenberg SuccessionSiege of VyshgorodDanish Civil War#The Civil War of 1146–1157Danish Civil War#The Civil War of 1146–1157Second Schleswig WarCivil war in Poland (1704–1706)Polish–Swedish War (1600–29)Danzig rebellionWar of the Succession of StettinSaxon Fratricidal WarCivil war in Greater Poland (1382–1385)Civil war in Greater Poland (1382–1385)War of the Galician Succession (1205–1245)Sack of Kiev (1169)Sack of Kiev (1169)#1139–1142 Kievan succession crisisEric and EricFirst Schleswig WarMoscow uprising of 1682War against SigismundCount's FeudLithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)Galicia–Volhynia WarsBattle of Lipitsa1174–1177 Suzdalian war of successionSack of Kiev (1169)#1146–1159 Kievan succession crisisSack of Kiev (1169)#1132–1134 Pereyaslavl succession crisisKievan succession crisis of 1015–1019Russian interregnum of 1825Jacobite risingsTime of TroublesWar of the Priests (Poland)Muscovite Civil WarGreat TroublesCivil war era in NorwayCivil war era in NorwayRebellion of 1088Monmouth RebellionWyatt's rebellionWars of the RosesWars of the RosesWars of Scottish IndependenceWars of Scottish IndependenceFirst Barons' WarGruffydd ap Rhys II#Family feudOwain Gwynedd#Disputes with the church and successionThe AnarchyBattle of Stamford BridgeNorman ConquestCnut#Conquest of England
  •   British Isles
  •   Scandinavia, Baltics & Eastern Europe
  •   Low Countries
  •   Central Europe (HRE)
  •   France & Italy
  •   Spain & Portugal
  •   Southeastern Europe

See also

Notes

  1. [a]
    Initially, William of Normandy was called William "the Bastard" by his opponents because he was an illegitimate son (bastard) of Robert I, and therefore some Norman noblemen rejected him as successor. Later, he became known as William "the Conqueror" when he also managed to enforce his claim to the English throne with the 1066 Norman invasion of England. William's reign in Normandy itself was not unopposed until 1060, despite being largely secured since 1047.
  2. [b]
    Roger II of Sicily was the son of Roger "Bosso" I of Sicily, William II of Apulia was the grandson of Robert Guiscard, and Robert II of Capua was the great-grandson of Fressenda and Robert I of Capua; thus, all three descended from three different children of Tancred of Hauteville.
  3. [c]
    An 1870 issue of the Dutch periodical Onze Tijd ("Our Time") went as far as to name it the Tweede Spaansche Successieoorlog ("Second War of the Spanish Succession", as opposed to the "first" in 1701–1715), stating: "Although already in 1866 anyone who had been keeping a clear eye on the state of affairs should have considered a war between France and Prussia inevitable, one would likely have looked in every other place for the direct cause of that war before Spain. (...) So strange, that it is evident that finding it in the Spanish succession was the result of a monarch just looking for any kind of pretext to declare war."[104]

References

Bibliography

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