Lists of executed people for religious offenses
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Lists of executed people for religious offenses, including heresy, apostasy, impiety, desecration and blasphemy. This list includes people executed legally and semi-legally but not people murdered extrajudicially.
List
Afghanistan
| Name | Date | Crime | Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sahibzada Abdul Latif | 14 July 1903 | Apostasy | Stoning |
Austria
| Name | Date | Crime | Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Franz Wunderlich[1] | 1688 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Maria Anna Rossenberger (19)[1] | 1697 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Anna Rosina[1] | 1702 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Maria Francisca Rosenburgerin (19)[1] | 12 May 1705 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Maria Catherina N. (24)[1] | 17 February 1707 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Elisabeth Stainin (23)[1] | 16 March 1708 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Hans Georg Fritsch (47)[1] | June 1709 | Blasphemy | Beheading |
| Elizabeth N. (31)[1] | 10 December 1709 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Maria Anna Kaufeuthner (28)[1] | 1710 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Johann Posch (19)[1] | 7 June 1712 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Anna Catherina Köpferin (18)[1] | 12 July 1712 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Clara Dorothea Jancovitschin (23)[1] | 30 August 1712 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Maria Susanna Grallin (19)[1] | 27 September 1712 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Maria Magdalena Zechirlin (20)[1] | |||
| Maria Elisabeth N. (20)[1] | 17 November 1712 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Benigna Rosina Weninger (17)[1] | 23 November 1712 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Maria Magdalena N. (18)[1] | 8 February 1713 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Stefan Maurer (16)[1] | 9 August 1713 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Unnamed girl (15)[1] | 31 August 1713 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Magdalena N. (19)[1] | 20 October 1713 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Unnamed woman (26)[1] | 2 March 1714 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Unnamed woman (20)[1] | 24 March 1714 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Unnamed woman (19)[1] | 8 August 1714 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Andreas Mühlbacher (17)[1] | 27 March 1715 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Maria Anna Wälnerin (22)[1] | 3 April 1715 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Adam Hirschbeck (15)[1] | 18 June 1715 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Andreas Frisch (16)[1] | 13 December 1715 | Blasphemy | Beheading |
| Anna Margaretha N. (26)[1] | 25 October 1716 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Anna Maria Nitzlin[1] | November 1718 | Desecration | Beheading |
| Unnamed woman | 11 June 1720 | Desecration | Beheading |
- Balthasar Hubmaier (1485–1528), Vienna, Austria
- George Blaurock (1491–1529), Klausen, Tyrol
- Jakob Hutter († 1536), Innsbruck, Tyrol
Belgium
- William Tyndale (1490–1536), Belgium
Czech Republic
| Name | Date | Crime | Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jan Olivetsky | 20 September 1546 | Blasphemy | Beheading[2] |
France
| Name | Date | Crime | Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| François-Jean de la Barre | 1 July 1766 | Impiety and desecration | Beheading |
- Orléans heresy (1022) (burnt)
- Marguerite Porete († 1310), Paris, France
- Jacques de Molay (1243–1314), burned after conviction by a tribunal under the control of King Philip IV of France, Paris, France
- Geoffroi de Charney († 1314), burned with Jacques de Molay above, Paris, France.
- Guilhèm Belibasta († 1321), last Cathar, Villerouge-Termenès, France
- Na Prous Boneta († 1328)
- Joan of Arc (1412–1431), Trial of Joan of Arc, Rouen, France
- Jean Vallière († 1523), Paris, France
- Étienne Dolet (1509–1546), Paris, France
- Lucilio Vanini (Giulio Cesare Vanini) (1585–1619), Toulouse, France
Germany
- Jan Hus (1371–1415), Constance, Germany
- Jerome of Prague (1365–1416)
- Michael Sattler († 1527), Rottenburg am Neckar, Germany
- Aefgen Listincx († 1538), Münster, Germany
Iran
| Name | Date | Crime | Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hossein Soodmand[3] | 3 December 1990 | Apostasy | Hanging |
| Bahman Samandari[4] | 18 March 1992 | Apostasy | Unknown |
| Ruhollah Rohani[5] | 21 July 1998 | Apostasy | Unknown |
| Seyed Ali Gharabat[3] | 26 January 2011 | Apostasy | Hanging |
| Mohsen Amiraslani | 24 September 2014 | Blasphemy | Hanging |
| Yousef Mehrdad | 8 May 2023 | Blasphemy | Hanging |
| Sadrollah Fazeli Zare | |||
Italy
| Name | Date | Crime | Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antonio Rinaldeschi | 1501 | Desecration | |
| Solomon Molcho | 13 December 1532 | Apostasy | Burning at stake |
| Francesco Calcagno | 23 December 1550 | Blasphemy and homosexuality | |
| Giordano Bruno | 17 February 1600 | Heresy | Burning at stake |
- Gerard Segarelli († 1300)
- Fra Dolcino († 1307) (never tried by Catholic Church), Italy
- Cecco d'Ascoli († 1327), Florence, Italy
- Girolamo Savonarola, Domenico da Pascia, and Silvestro Maruffi († 1498), Florence, Italy (hanged and then burned)
- Pomponio Algerio († 1556) Boiled in oil, Rome
- Pietro Carnesecchi († 1567) Florence, Italy
- Menocchio (1532–1599), Italy
- Fulgenzio Manfredi (1560 ca. - 1610) Rome, Italy
- Gertrude Cordovana († 1724), Palermo, Italy[6]
Netherlands
| Name | Date | Crime | Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anna Utenhoven | 17 July 1597 | Heresy | Burned at stake |
- Jan de Bakker († 1525), 1st martyr in the Northern Netherland
- Wendelmoet Claesdochter († 1527), 1st Dutch woman charged and burned for the accusation of heresy
- Anneke Esaiasdochter († 1539), The Netherlands
- Maria van Beckum († 1544)
- Ursula van Beckum († 1544)
- Weyn Ockers († 1568), Netherlands
- Dirk Willems († 1569), Netherlands
- Anneke Ogiers († 1570), Netherlands
Ottoman Empire
| Name | Date | Crime | Method | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown Armenian | 1843 | Apostasy | Beheading | Accepted Islam, but later returned to Christianity.[7] |
| Unknown man | 1852 | Apostasy | Beheading | Converted from Islam to Christianity, executed in Aleppo.[8] |
| Unknown man | 1853 | Apostasy | Beheading | Converted from Islam to Christianity, executed in Adrianople. |
| Batto Sfez Affair | 1857 | Blasphemy | Beheading | |
Poland
| Name | Date | Crime | Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mikołaj Grunberg | 25 June 1453 | Heresy | Burning at stake |
| Adam from Radziejów[9] | Late September 1499 | Heresy | Burning at stake |
| Katarzyna Weiglowa | 19 April 1539 | Apostasy | Burning at stake |
| Iwan Tyszkiewicz | 1611 | Blasphemy | Burning at stake |
| Franco de Franco | 30 June 1611 | Blasphemy | Quartering |
| Kazimierz Łyszczyński | 30 March 1689 | Atheism | Burning at stake |
Portugal
| Name | Date | Crime | Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ana Rodrigues (settler) | 1593 | Judaism | Burning at stake |
| Isaac de Castro Tartas | 15 December 1647 | Judaism | Burning at stake |
| Gabriel Malagrida | 21 September 1671 | Heresy | Strangulation |
| António José da Silva | 18 October 1739 | Judaism | Strangulation |
- Kimpa Vita (1684–1706), Angola
Spain
Muslim Spain
| Name | Date | Crime | Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Perfectus | 18 April 850 | Blasphemy | Beheading |
| Sisenandus of Beja | 16 July 851 | Blasphemy | Beheading |
Christian Spain
| Name | Date | Crime | Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Miguel de Almazán | February 1486 | Judaism | Burning at stake |
| Hernando Alonso | 17 October 1528 | Judaism | Burning at stake |
| María de Bohórquez | 1559 | Heresy | Burning at stake |
| Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal | 8 December 1569 | Apostasy | Burning at stake |
| Luis de Carvajal the Younger | 8 December 1596 | Judaism | Garrote |
| Tomás Treviño de Sobremonte | 14 April 1649 | Judaism | Burning at stake |
| Maria Barbara Carillo | 18 May 1721 | Judaism | Burning at stake |
| Cayetano Ripoll | 26 July 1826 | Heresy | Hanging |
- Francisco de San Roman († 1540), Spain
- Augustino de Cazalla († 1559), Valladolid, Spain
- Carlos de Seso († 1559), Valladolid, Spain
- Leonor de Cisneros († 1568), Valladolid, Spain
- Caterina Tarongí († 1691)
- Ana de Castro († 1736), Peru, Spain
- María de los Dolores López († 1781), Seville, Spain
Somalia
| Name | Date | Crime | Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdirahman Ahmed | 15 January 2009 | Apostasy | |
| Mohamud Mursal Muse[10] | 2015 | Blasphemy | |
| Hassan Tohow Fidow | 2021 | Blasphemy | Firing squad[10] |
Sweden
| Name | Date | Crime | Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Botulf Botulfsson | April 1311 | Heresy | Burned at stake |
| Ragvald Odenskarl | 27 October 1484 | Paganism | Burned at stake |
| Eric Clauesson | 1492 | Paganism | Burned at stake |
| 82 people | 7–9 November 1520 | Heresy | Beheaded |
| Lars Nilsson | 1693 | Paganism | Burned at stake |
Switzerland
- Michael Servetus (1511–1553), Geneva, Switzerland
- Nicolas Antoine[11] (1602–1632), Geneva, Switzerland
United Kingdom
Catholic Britain
| Name | Date | Jurisdiction | Modern country | Crime | Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adam Duff O'Toole | 11 April 1328 |  Kingdom of England |  Ireland | Heresy | Burning at stake |
| Hellen Stirk | 27 January 1544 | Kingdom of Scotland |  United Kingdom | Impiety | Drowning |
- William Sawtre († 1401), Smithfield, London, England
- John Badby († 1410), Smithfield, London, England
- William Taylor († 1423), Smithfield, London, England
- Pavel Kravař († 1433)
- Joan Boughton († 1494), Smithfield, London, England
- Agnes Grebill († 1511), Kent, England
- Ipswich Martyrs († 1515–1558)
- Patrick Hamilton († 1528), St Andrews, Scotland
- Richard Bayfield († 1531), Smithfield, England
- Thomas Benet († 1531), Exeter, England
- Thomas Bilney († 1531), Norwich, England
- Joan Bocher († 1531), Smithfield, England
- Thomas Harding († 1532), Chesham, England
- James Bainham († 1532), Smithfield, England
- John Frith (1503–1533), Smithfield, England
- John Forest († 1538), Smithfield, England
- Henry Filmer († 1543), Windsor, England
- Robert Testwood († 1543), Windsor, England
- Anthony Pearson († 1543), Windsor, England
- Maria van Beckum († 1544)
- Ursula van Beckum († 1544)
- Colchester Martyrs († 1545 to 1558), 26 people, Colchester, England
- George Wishart (1513–1546), St Andrews, Scotland
- John Hooper († 1555), Gloucester, England
- John Rogers († 1555), London, England
- Canterbury Martyrs († 1555–1558), c.40 people, Canterbury, England
- Laurence Saunders, (1519–1555), Coventry, England
- Rowland Taylor († 1555), Hadleigh, Suffolk, England
- Cornelius Bongey, († 1555), Coventry, England
- Dirick Carver, († 1555), Lewes, England
- Robert Ferrar († 1555), Carmarthen, Wales
- William Flower († 1555), Westminster, England
- Patrick Pakingham († 1555), Uxbridge, England
- Hugh Latimer (1485–1555), Oxford, England
- Robert Samuel († 1555), Ipswich, England
- Nicholas Ridley (1500–1555), Oxford, England
- John Bradford († 1555), London, England
- John Cardmaker († 1555), Smithfield, London, England
- Robert Glover († 1555), Hertford, England
- Thomas Hawkes († 1555), Coggeshall, England
- Thomas Tomkins († 1555), Smithfield, London, England
- Thomas Cranmer (1489–1556), Oxford, England
- Stratford Martyrs († 1556), 11 men and 2 women, Stratford, London, England
- Guernsey Martyrs († 1556), 3 women, Guernsey, Channel Islands
- Joan Waste († 1556), Derby, England
- Bartlet Green († 1556), Smithfield, London, England
- John Hullier († 1556), Cambridge, England
- John Forman († 1556), East Grinstead, England
- Alexander Gooch and Alice Driver († 1558), Ipswich, England
Protestant Britain
| Name | Date | Jurisdiction | Modern country | Crime | Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thomas Aikenhead | 8 January 1697 |  Kingdom of Scotland | United Kingdom | Blasphemy | Burning at stake |
- Robert Barnes († 1540), Smithfield, England
- Thomas Gerrard († 1540), Smithfield, England
- Anne Askew (1521–1546), Smithfield, England
- John Lascelles († 1546), Smithfield, England
- John Adams († 1546), Smithfield, England
- Joan Bocher († 1550), Smithfield, England
- George van Parris († 1551), Smithfield, England
- Stephen Cotton († 1558),[12] Brentford, England
- Matthew Hamont († 1579), Norwich, England
- Francis Kett († 1589), Norwich, England
- Bartholomew Legate (1575–1612), Smithfield, England
- Edward Wightman (1566–1612), relapsed heretic, Lichfield, England
Eastern Orthodox countries
- Basil the Physician († 1118), by Emperor Alexius I Comnenus; heresy
- Avvakum Petrovich (1620–1682), by Tsar Feodor III of Russia; combating the Starovery movement
- Quirinus Kuhlmann († 1689), by Tsar Ivan V of Russia; considered politically dangerous
Other countries
| Name | Date | Jurisdiction | Modern country | Crime | Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socrates | 399 BC | Classical Athens |  Greece | Impiety | Poison |
| al-Hallaj | 26 March 922 | Abbasid Caliphate |  Iraq | Heresy | Beheading |
| Thomas of Tolentino | 8 April 1321 | Delhi Sultanate |  India | Blasphemy | Beheading |
| Marina of Omura | 11 November 1634 | Japan |  Japan |
Sheltering priests | Burning at stake |
| Mahmoud Mohammed Taha | 18 January 1985 |  Sudan | Sudan | Apostasy and blasphemy | Beheading |
| Sadeq Mallallah | 3 September 1992 |  Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia | Apostasy and blasphemy | Beheading |