Lists of poisonings

These are lists of poisonings, deliberate and accidental, in chronological order by the date of death of the victim(s). They include mass poisonings, confirmed attempted poisonings, suicides, fictional poisonings and people who are known or suspected to have killed multiple people.

Non-fiction

Fatal

Socrates (d. 399 BC), Greek philosopher; according to Plato, he was sentenced to kill himself by drinking poison hemlock
Artaxerxes III (d. 338 BC), Persian king; possibly poisoned by his vizier Bagoas
Artaxerxes IV (d. 336 BC), Persian king; poisoned by his vizier Bagoas
Bagoas (d. 336 BC), Persian vizier and king-maker; poisoned by Darius III
Roman matronas poisoned their husbands(d.331 BC). 200 of them executed.^[1]
Demosthenes (d. 322 BC), Athenian politician
Xu Pingjun (d. 71 BC), first empress of Emperor Xuan of Han.
Antipater the Idumaean (d. 43 BC), father of Herod the Great
Drusus Julius Caesar (d. 23), son of Tiberius
Emperor Zhi of Han (d.146)
Emperor Hui of Jin China (d. 304)
Ali ibn Abi Talib (d. 661), fourth caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate and first of the Twelve Imams of Shia Islam
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (d. 720), eighth caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate
Muhammad al-Baqir (d. 733), fifth Imam of Twelver Shia Islam; supposedly died after being given a poisoned saddle
Mūsá al-Kāẓim (d. 799), seventh Imam of Twelver Shia Islam
Beorhtric of Wessex (d. 802), unintentionally poisoned by his wife, Eadburh
Muhammad al-Jawad (d. 835), ninth Imam of Twelver Shia Islam; supposedly poisoned by his wife on orders from the new caliph
Romanus II (d. 963), Byzantine emperor of the Macedonian dynasty
Alan III, Duke of Brittany (d. 1040)
Constantine II of Armenia (d. 1129)
Alphonse I, Count of Toulouse (d. 1148)
Baldwin III of Jerusalem (d. 1162)
Blanche of Bourbon (d. 1361), first wife of King Pedro of Castile
Louis, Count of Gravina (d. 1362)
Robert, Count of Eu (d. 1387)
Ladislaus, King of Naples (d. 1414)
Dmitry Shemyaka (d. 1453), Grand Duke of Moscow; poisoned with arsenic by Vasily Tyomniy's agents in Great Novgorod
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (d. 1494)
Margaret Drummond (d. 1502), mistress of King James IV of Scotland
Timoji (d. 1512), Hindu privateer and Portuguese ally
Juan Ponce de León (d. 1521), Spanish conquistador; died after being wounded by a poisoned arrow
Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky (d. 1610), Russian general and statesman
Pocahontas (d.1617) while it is not known what she died from poisoning is one theory.
Yamada Nagamasa (d. 1630), Japanese adventurer
Marcy Clay (d. 1665), English thief and highwayrobber
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1740), ate poisonous mushrooms
Johann Schobert (d. 1767), German composer; ate poisonous mushrooms believing them to be edible
Swill milk scandal over 8,000 infants died in the 1850s after drinking milk containing swill
Esing Bakery incident (1857) 700 people were poisoned after eating bread containing Arsenic. None died immediately but three from long-term effects
1900 English beer poisoning in 1900 over 6,000 people were poisoned by tainted beer containing contaminated sulphuric acid and arsenic causing at least 70 to die
Bradford sweets poisoning (1858); 21 people died and more than 200 others became ill when confections accidentally made with arsenic trioxide were sold from a market stall in Bradford, England
Charles Francis Hall (d. 1871), American Arctic explorer poisoned with arsenic by members of the Polaris expedition.
Nine children killed on 28 May 1879 in Newark, Vermont after drinking from a polluted stream.^[2]
Guangxu Emperor (d. 1908), Emperor of the Qing dynasty; poisoned with arsenic by unidentified persons
Olive Thomas (d. 1920), American silent film actress; accidentally ingested a large dose of mercury(II) chloride
Between six and eight killed and 400 became ill after eating spoiled ice cream in Meppel, Netherlands in July 1921.
9 men died at the Elks National Home in November 1923 after drinking apple cider containing Pesticide
Marija Hladnik Berden (d. 1924), Slovenian teacher, organist and composer; poisoned with phosphorus supposedly by her maidservant
Madge Oberholtzer (d. 1925), rape victim of Ku Klux Klan leader D.C. Stephenson; died after attempting to commit suicide with mercury(II) chloride
George V (d. 1936), King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India; injected with morphine and cocaine by royal physician Bertrand Dawson in a rogue mercy killing
Nestor Lakoba (d. 1936), Abkhaz Communist leader; poisoned by NKVD chief Lavrenti Beria
Elixir sulfanilamide caused mass poisoning in the United States in 1937 causing 105 adults' and children's deaths
Abram Slutsky (d.1938), head of Soviet spy service; poisoned with hydrogen cyanide by NKVD
Nikolai Koltsov (d. 1940), Russian biologist; poisoned by NKVD secret police
Erwin Rommel (d. 1944), German general; opted to commit suicide with cyanide after facing trial for his involvement in the 20 July plot
Eva Hitler (née Braun) (d. 1945), wife of Adolf Hitler; committed suicide by cyanide capsule at Hitler's side
The six Goebbels children (d. 1945); poisoned by their parents Magda and Joseph Goebbels, who then killed themselves by poison and gunshots shortly afterwards
Heinrich Himmler (d. 1945), leader of the Nazi Schutzstaffel (SS); suicide by cyanide capsule after being captured
Odilo Globocnik (d. 1945)
Hermann Göring (d. 1946), leader of the Nazi Luftwaffe; suicide by cyanide capsule, long after being captured and only hours before his sentenced hanging was to take place
Theodore Romzha (d. 1947), bishop of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church; poisoned by NKVD agents, who injected him with curare on orders from Nikita Khrushchev
Alan Turing (d. 1954), British mathematician; apparently committed suicide by injecting an apple with cyanide and taking a bite, though it has also been speculated that the poisoning was accidental
Muhammad Zarqtuni (d. 1954), Moroccan nationalist; swallowed a cyanide tablet while in prison
Stepan Bandera (d. 1959); poisoned by a cyanide capsule shot from a gun by KGB agents
1971 Iraq poison grain disaster; at least 650 people died after eating methylmercury-treated grain intended for seeding
Bandō Mitsugorō VIII (d. 1975), Japanese kabuki actor; ate four livers of fugu fish
Nine killed in Denver City, Texas due to an accidental release of hydrogen sulfide.^[3]
Jayanta Hazarika (d. 1977), Assamese singer and musician
Georgi Markov (d. 1978), Bulgarian dissident; assassinated in London with ricin
Peoples Temple members (1978); over 900 died by cyanide-laced punch at Jonestown
Love Canal (up to 1978); buried toxic waste was covered and used as a building site for housing and a school in Niagara Falls, New York, resulting in claims of chronic poisoning that led to a massive environmental cleanup
Sverdlovsk anthrax leak at least 68 people died on April 2nd 1979 after anthrax was accidentally released from a Soviet military research base
Chicago Tylenol murders (1982) Several people aged 12 - 35 died from a potassium cyanide poisoning after consuming contaminated Tylenol capsules containing paracetamol Capsule (pharmacy) Paracetamol
Bhopal disaster (1984); accidental release of poisonous gas from a pesticide plant in India that killed over 10,000 people and injured many more
Vypin alcohol poisonings (1982) 77 people died after drinking liquor containing Methanol
Paraquat murders (1985) 35 people were poisoned including 12 fatally after drinking beverages contaminated with Paraquat and Diquat from tampered vending machines in central and western Japan from April until November of 1985
Sinasa massacre Mangayanon Butaog, a religious leader who poisoned 69 members causing 64 to die while the other 5 spit out the poisoned gruel Butaog gave them.^[4]^[5]
Matsumoto incident (1994); Sarin gas attack carried out by members of the Aum Shinrikyo group killed 8 people and injured at least 500 others
Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway (1995); attack carried out by members of the Aum Shinrikyo group killed 14 and injured 1,050
Marshall Applewhite (d. 1997)
1998 Delhi oil poisoning 60 people died in 1998 in Delhi after consuming adulterated mustard oil
Hamaichi Junior High School Daifuku Mochi Incident 浜一中大福餅事件 or in English Hamaichi Junior High School Daifuku Mochi Incident occurred when over 2,000 people became ill and 44 died after contracting food poisoning
Moscow theater hostage crisis (2002); to end the crisis, the Federal Security Service (FSB) pumped an undisclosed chemical agent into the building's ventilation system, killing 40 militants and 132 hostages
Ibn al-Khattab (d. 2002), Sunni jihadi fighter; died from a poisoned letter sent by Russian FSB agency
Koodathayi Cyanide Murders (d. 2002–2016); 6 people were allegedly killed by Jolly Joseph using potassium cyanide
Roman Tsepov (d. 2004), Russian businessman; poisoned by unspecified radioactive material
2006 Ivory Coast toxic waste dump killed seventeen
Alexander Litvinenko (d. 2006), Russian ex-spy and investigator; died three weeks after being poisoned by radioactive polonium-210
Zamfara State lead poisoning epidemic (2010); at least 163 people died in Zamfara State, Nigeria
2011 West Bengal alcohol poisonings 167 people died in West Bengal in December of 2011 after drinking spurious liquor mixed with Methanol
Murder of Garnett Spears (2014), a boy in New York whose mother suffered from Munchausen syndrome by proxy, eventually leading her to give her son a fatal amount of table salt
2016 Punjab sweet poisoning (2016) 33 people died after consuming contaminated laddu containing pesticides^[6]^[7]
Slobodan Praljak (d. 2017), former Bosnian Croat retired general in the Croatian Army and the Croatian Defence Council; upon hearing of the guilty verdict upheld in his trial for war crimes, he drank poison in the courtroom and died a few hours later
Assassination of Kim Jong-nam (d. 2017), using a nerve agent at Kuala Lumpur International Airport
2017 Malawat poisoning (d. 2017) Aasia Bibi, her alleged boyfriend Muhammad Shahid and her aunt poisoned her husband's milk with rat poison. The milk was later used to make lassi which was later used in a family gathering. 17 people were fatally poisoned
Dawn Sturgess (d. 2018), accidentally poisoned with the same Novichok nerve agent used in the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal
Shady Habash (d. 2020), Egyptian filmmaker; his cause of death was officially ruled as alcohol poisoning, with the prosecutor-general further elaborating that Habash had mistakenly drunk alcohol-based hand sanitizer
Tribistovo poisoning (2021); carbon monoxide leak from a power generator killed eight teenagers in the New Year's Eve night

Non-fatal

Clare Boothe Luce, fell ill from arsenic poisoning in 1956 but did not die
Nikolay Khokhlov, poisoned by radioactive thallium in Germany in 1957 for refusing to work as a KGB assassin
Alexander Dubček, Slovak politician; survived an attempt to poison him with strontium-90 in 1968
Hafizullah Amin, second President of Afghanistan; survived a poisoning by a Soviet agent in 1979
Zhu Ling, Chinese university student poisoned with thallium in 1995
Khaled Mashal, leader of Palestinian fundamentalist organization Hamas; survived being poisoned by Israeli assassins in 1997 after two of the assassins were captured and an antidote was supplied by Israel in exchange for their release
Anna Politkovskaya, Russian journalist; poisoned during a flight to Beslan in 2004
Viktor Yushchenko, Ukrainian politician; poisoned with dioxin during the 2004 Ukrainian electoral campaign
Viktor Kalashnikov, Russian ex-KGB colonel; both he and his wife survived being poisoned with mercury in 2010
Vladimir Kara-Murza, Russian opposition politician; poisoned in 2017 (also possibly in 2015) with an unknown toxin
Sergei and Yulia Skripal, Russian former double-agent and his daughter; poisoned in 2018 in Salisbury, England with Novichok nerve agent
Alexei Navalny, Russian opposition leader, poisoned in 2020 with Novichok, during a flight from Tomsk to Moscow
Unnamed Taylor Child deliberate destruction of a child's liver caused by her mother, Shauna Taylor, in an act of Munchausen by proxy and intentional iron poisoning.
Camelford water pollution incident in July 1988 Camelford water was contaminated with aluminium sulfate. No one died

Alleged

Alexander the Great (d. 323 BC)
Mithridates VI of Pontus (d. 63 BC), king of Pontus and Armenia Minor
Ptolemy XIV of Egypt (d. 44 BC); if so, by his sister Cleopatra
Augustus (d. 14), Roman Emperor, with poisoned figs by his wife Livia
Germanicus (d. 19), Roman general
Claudius (d. 54), Roman Emperor, by his wife Agrippina the Younger
Boudica (d. 60 or 61), Queen of the Iceni tribe and leader of the rebellion against Roman rule in Britain; committed suicide by poison according to Tacitus, though Dio Cassius claimed natural illness
Constance of Normandy (d. 1090), daughter of King William I of England
King John of England (d. 1216); with peaches
Pope Benedict XI (d. 1304)
Stefan Dusan (d. 1355), Serbian king
Anne Neville (d. 1485), Queen Consort of England, died of tuberculosis but said to have been poisoned by her husband Richard III
Matthias Corvinus (d. 1490), King of Hungary
Catherine of Aragon (d. 1536), Queen Consort of England, thought to have been poisoned by her former husband Henry VIII of England or his wife Anne Boleyn
Barbara Radziwiłł (d. 1551), Queen of Poland
King Eric XIV of Sweden (d. 1577); according to folklore, he was killed from poisoning by arsenic hidden in pea soup
Tycho Brahe (d. 1601), Danish astronomer
Jamestown colonists (1607–1610); standard historical accounts suggest many early colonists died of starvation, but the possibility of arsenic poisoning by rat poison (or of death by bubonic plague) has also been reported^[8]
Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury (d. 1612)
Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (d. 1637)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (d. 1791), Austrian composer; with antimony
Napoleon Bonaparte (d. 1821); some claim he was killed with arsenic by someone on his staff, though the evidence is inconclusive
Pope Pius VIII (d. 1830)
Zachary Taylor (d. 1850), 12th President of the United States; theorized by author Clara Rising that his milk was poisoned during an Independence Day celebration
John Gallagher Montgomery (d. 1857), U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania
Charles Darwin (d. 1882), English naturalist; possibly died due to self-medication with Fowler's solution, one-percent potassium arsenite
Hanoi Poison Plot (1908), a group of local Vietnamese tried to poison the entire French colonial army's garrison in the Citadel of Hanoi
Huo Yuanjia (d. 1910), wushu master and Chinese national hero; arsenic
Emperor Gojong of Korea (d. 1919); allegedly poisoned by the Japanese
Maxim Gorky (d. 1936), Russian writer; NKVD chief Genrikh Yagoda admitted at the Trial of the Twenty One that he ordered to poison Gorky and his son
Robert Johnson (d. 1938), American musician
Raoul Wallenberg (d. c. 1947), Swedish humanitarian who saved tens of thousands of Jews during World War II; reportedly poisoned in Lubyanka prison by Grigory Mairanovsky
Joseph Stalin (d. 1953); officially cerebral hemorrhage, but according to Vyacheslav Molotov's memoirs and historians Radzinsky and Antonov-Ovseenko, Stalin was poisoned on Lavrenty Beria's orders
Vasili Blokhin (d. 1955), former executioner of NKVD
Lal Bahadur Shastri (d. 1966), second Prime Minister of India
João Goulart (d. 1976), former Brazilian president ousted by 1964 coup d'état
Carlos Lacerda (d. 1977), Brazilian journalist and presidential nominee
Pope John Paul I (d. 1978)
Gulf War syndrome, a chronic multi-symptom disorder afflicting more than 250,000 returning veterans and civilian workers of the Gulf War of 1990–1991; while the etiology of the condition continues to be debated, various manmade poisons have been suggested as possible causes
Yuri Shchekochikhin (d. 2003), Russian investigative journalist; died presumably from poisoning by radioactive thallium
Yasser Arafat (d. 2004); reputedly died from liver cirrhosis, which may be a consequence of chronic alcohol use or poisoning. Some Arafat supporters feel it is unlikely that Arafat habitually used alcohol (forbidden by Islam), and so suspect poisoning. However, it is also important to note that cirrhosis is not necessarily caused by alcohol use, or indeed any poison at all.
Ardeshir Hosseinpour (d. 2007), Iranian nuclear scientist; possibly assassinated by Mossad with "radioactive poisoning" or "gas poisoning"^[9]^[10]^[11]

Poisoners

Locusta, professional poisoner hired by Roman emperor Nero and his mother Agrippina the Younger for several murders
Lucrezia Borgia (d. 1519), alleged by rivals of the Borgia family to be a poisoner, using a hollow ring to poison drinks with white arsenic
Edward Squire (d. 1598), English scrivener and sailor executed for conspiring to poison Queen Elizabeth I and Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex
George Chapman, hanged after murdering three common-law wives
Mary Ann Cotton, 19th-century woman who poisoned family members for financial gain
Maria Swanenburg, Dutch serial killer who murdered at least 27 and was suspected of killing more than 90 people
Thomas Neill Cream (d. 1892), British serial killer
Vera Renczi, Romanian serial killer who used arsenic to kill two husbands, a son, and 32 suitors
Nannie Doss, an American serial killer known as the "Black Widow" responsible for the deaths of 11 people
Anna Marie Hahn (d. 1938), American serial killer
Dr. John Bodkin Adams, British doctor acquitted in 1957 but suspected of killing 163 patients via morphia and barbiturates.^[12]
Anjette Lyles, American restaurateur responsible for the poisoning deaths of four relatives between 1952–1958 in Macon, Georgia, apprehended on 6 May 1958, and sentenced to death, yet later was involuntary commitmented due to her diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenic, died aged 52 on 4 December 1977 at the Central State Hospital, Milledgeville in Georgia.^[13]^[14]
Genene Jones, homicidal nurse
Grigory Mairanovsky, received Soviet PhD degree for testing poisons on political prisoners
Stella Nickell, used cyanide-laced Excedrin to kill her husband and another woman in suburban Seattle in 1986
Charles Sobhraj, serial killer who preyed on Western tourists throughout Southeast Asia during the 1970s
Jim Jones, cult leader responsible for the mass murder–suicide of 918 of his followers in 1978, using cyanide-laced Flavor-Aid at Jonestown, Guyana
Michael Swango, American physician and surgeon who fatally poisoned at least thirty of his patients and colleagues
Graham Frederick Young (d. 1990), British serial killer
Members of the Aum Shinrikyo religious group in Japan in the 1990s often used poisons for murder, including chemical weapons such as VX and Sarin
Daisuke Mori, Japanese nurse convicted of one murder and four attempted murders by muscle relaxant
Harold Shipman (d. 2004), English general practitioner and one of the most prolific known serial killers in modern history
Richard Kuklinski (d. 2006), American contract killer who was associated with the Gambino crime family
Andrey Lugovoy (b. 1966), Russian deputy of the State Duma found by European Court of Human Rights beyond reasonable doubt to have killed Alexander Litvinenko
Dmitry Kovtun (b. 1965), Russian KGB agent who with Andrey Lugovoy killed Alexander Litvinenko
Anatoly Chepiga (b. 1979), Russian GRU officer identified by journalists as one of the attackers of Sergei and Yulia Skripal^[15]
Alexander Mishkin (b.1979), Russian GRU officer identified by journalists as one of the attackers of Sergei and Yulia Skripal^[16]
Sinasa massacre Mangayanon Butaog, a religious leader who poisoned 69 members causing 64 to die
Graham Young (b. 1947) English serial killer who murdered his victims by poisoning them. He killed 3 people from 1961-1971
2016 Punjab sweet poisoning Khalid Mahmood, a sweet shop owner admitted to being the perpetrator behind the 2016 Punjab sweet poisoning that killed at least 33 people including 5 children
María Jesús Riffo Sandoval: Chilean cook poisoned milk and cereal intended for students at a school in Angol with arsenic to try and blame it on a different worker, as they were both in love with the same man.^[17]^[18] Three children died, while another 40 were non-fatally injured (5 severely). She was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment, and was eventually released after 17 years.^[19]
Lidia Viktorovna Shiryaeva - Lidia Viktorovna Shiryaeva, a grandma admitted to fatally poisoning her 3 grandchildren and her disabled daughter with poisoned noodles
Erin Patterson (b. 1974), Australian woman who fed beef wellingtons containing death cap mushrooms to four of her relatives, killing three of them and seriously injuring the fourth.

Fiction

As poisoning is a long-established plot device in crime fiction, this is not intended to be an exhaustive list.

Novels

Crime

Anthony Berkeley: The Poisoned Chocolates Case
Ann Granger: Say It With Poison
Francis Iles: Before the Fact (filmed as Suspicion), Malice Aforethought
Agatha Christie: Three Act Tragedy, Sad Cypress, A Pocket Full of Rye, Crooked House, And Then There Were None, Five Little Pigs, Death in the Clouds, The Moving Finger, The Body in the Library, A Caribbean Mystery, The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side
John Dickson Carr: The Burning Court, The Black Spectacles (US title: The Problem of the Green Capsule)
Raymond Postgate: Verdict of Twelve
Freeman Wills Crofts: The 12.30 from Croydon
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: A Study in Scarlet, The Adventure of the Devil's Foot
Dashiell Hammett: Fly Paper
Dorothy Sayers: The Unpleasantness at the Bellona Club, Strong Poison
Gosho Aoyama: Case Closed/Detective Conan
Rex Stout: Fer-de-Lance, The Red Box, Black Orchids
Cornell Woolrich: Waltz into Darkness (filmed as Mississippi Mermaid and Original Sin)
Isaac Asimov: The Death Dealers, The Naked Sun, David Starr, Space Ranger

Other

V. C. Andrews: Flowers in the Attic
Alexandre Dumas, père: The Count of Monte Cristo and The Three Musketeers
Gustave Flaubert: Madame Bovary
Kaori Yuki: Count Cain (GodChild after vol. 5) Protagonist Cain Hargreaves is known as the Count/Earl of Poisons. He has quite a collection of poisons, and frequently solves murder cases, almost all of which involve poisons.
Snow White ate a poisoned apple
Mingo Swieter in Ricarda Huch's 1917 novel, The Deruga Case (curare)
Baron Vladimir Harkonnen in Dune by Frank Herbert
Unsuccessful poisoning of Ron Weasley in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. The intended victim was Albus Dumbledore.
David Eddings sagas: In the Belgariad, the Nyissan people poison each other on a regular basis; some work as professional poisoners.
Isaac Asimov: "Obituary", "Sucker Bait", "The Winnowing"
Jean de Brunhoff: In The Story of Babar, Babar's predecessor as King of the Elephants eats a poisoned mushroom.

Films

Poisoning Paradise 10
Arsenic and Old Lace (1944)
D.O.A. (1950)
The Young Poisoner's Handbook (1995)
Crank (2006)
Spree (2020)
Jill Tracy's The Fine Art of Poisoning

Television

Third and Tenth Doctors in Doctor Who regenerated due to radiation poisoning. The Fifth Doctor regenerated due to poisoning from the substance Spectrox, giving the antidote to his also poisoned companion Peri Brown.
Rex Van de Kamp in Desperate Housewives
King Joffrey, Olenna Tyrell, Gregor Clegane, and Jon Arryn in Game of Thrones
Peter III of Russia in The Great

Plays

Joseph Kesselring: Arsenic and Old Lace
William Shakespeare:
- Romeo commits suicide by poison in Romeo and Juliet
- Hamlet, King Claudius, Gertrude and Laertes in Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
- Imogen in Cymbeline