Local ethnic nationalism
Non-Han or localist nationalism in mainland China
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Local ethnic nationalism,[1][2][3] simply local nationalism[4] or local ethnic chauvinism[5] is a term first used by Mao Zedong regarding perceived nationalist sentiment of certain groups in China.
| Local [ethnic] nationalism | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 地方民族主義 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 地方民族主义 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Alternative Chinese name | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 狹隘民族主義 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 狭隘民族主义 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Narrow nationalism | ||||||||
| |||||||||
In the People's Republic of China, the term "local ethnic nationalism" is often used alongside "Han chauvinism" (大汉族主义). According to the Chinese Communist Party's official line, both are seen as "deviations" from Marxist ethnic theory that could hurt national unity.[6] While the government says it opposes both, in reality, the "local nationalism" label is frequently used to crackdown on minority groups in Xinjiang, Tibet, and Inner Mongolia.[7]
History
From the 1930s to 1945, the Japanese imperialists proclaimed the idea of "national liberation" and "national self-determination" to encourage the separation of Northeast China and North China from the rest of the country.[8][9]
During the Taiwan under Japanese rule, Xie Xuehong supported "Taiwan independence" (rather than pan-Chinese nationalism) by organizing the Taiwanese Communist Party in Shanghai.[10] In the 1950s, Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League leader Xie supported Taiwanese self-determination over Chinese unification, which led to her being denounced as a "local [ethnic] nationalist" by Mao Zedong and his supporters during the Anti-Rightist Campaign.[10][11]
On September 1, 1979, Deng Xiaoping, while listening to the report of the 14th National Conference on United Front Work, said: There are indeed many problems in the national work to which attention should be paid; the current issue is how to strengthen national unity and oppose 'great Han-ism' (大漢族主義) and 'local ethnic nationalism' (地方民族主義), and there is also 'great [ethnic] nationalism' (大民族主義) in some ethnic minorities.[12]
Hong Kong nationalism
Hong Kong nationalism recognizes Hongkongers as individual minzu as distinct from "Chinese nation/ethnicity". The term minzu (民族) may mean "ethnic group" depending on the context, but may also mean "nation" in a broad sense. Therefore, Hong Kong nationalists who reject the concept of "Chinese nation/ethnicity" and insist on "Hong Konger nation/ethnicity" can also be called local [ethnic] nationalism.[13][14]
Types
- Cantonese nationalism
- Hong Kong nationalism
- Hui nationalism
- Korean nationalism (Chaoxianzu)
- Macau nationalism
- Manchurian nationalism
- Mongolian nationalism (Chinese Mongols)
- Taiwanese nationalism
- Tibetan nationalism
- Uyghur nationalism
