Malkana
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The Malkana are a Muslim ethnic group found in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar of India.[1]
In Agra District, the Malkana claimed descent from a number of Hindu castes. Those of the Uttar Pradesh city of Kiraoli, where they occupy five villages, claim descent from a Jat.[2]
In Bihar, the Malkana are mainly concentrated in the erstwhile Shahabad district.[1] In 1923, there were a recorded 1300 Malkanas in Shahabad alone. They adopted Islam, responding to the missionary efforts of Sufi saints. Arya Samaj Swami Shraddhanand's Shuddhi movement wanted to convert them to Hinduism. The word "shudhi" means purification and it implies, rather pejoratively, that Muslims are ritually impure. Many Muslim leaders attempted to counter this forced conversion. Religious tensions prevailed in Shahabad, Gaya and Munger.[3][1]
There were splits in the community, with many members of the community converted to Hinduism in the early part of the 20th century, during the course of the shuddhi movement. The 'shuddhi' campaign among the Malkanas, was launched in early 1923 and led by the Arya Samaj under Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya. This re-conversion campaign reached its peak by the end of 1927, by which time some 1,63,000 Malkana Muslims are said to have been converted to the Hindu fold.[4]
References
- 1 2 3 Mohammad Sajjad (13 August 2014). Muslim Politics in Bihar: Changing Contours. Taylor & Francis. pp. 64–68. ISBN 978-1-317-55981-8.
- ↑ Sikand, Yoginder; Katju, Manjari (20 August 1994). "Mass Conversions to Hinduism among Indian Muslims". Economic and Political Weekly. 29 (34): 2216.
- ↑ "Swami Shraddhanand, who fell to bullets in December 1926".
- ↑ Hindu-Muslim Relations in British India: a study of Controversy, Conflict and Communal Movements in Northern India 1923 to 1928, by Gene R. Thursby.