Manasse Malo

Malo was born on 2 May 1941 at a village in West Sumba as the child of Herman Malo Ndapatondo, the first indigenuous reverend of the Christian Church of Sumba,^[1][2] and Yuliana.^[3] His father was a well-known preacher in West Sumba.^[4] While he was in elementary school, Mallo recalled nominating himself for class president and being beaten 50 times by his teacher after failing to answer a math question.^[4] After finishing elementary school, he completed secondary education at the West Sumba Rara Christian Junior High School. He then moved to Salatiga in East Java and attended a Christian high school in the city.^[5]

Upon commencing high school education, Malo received a church fellowship to study theology at the Satya Wacana Christian University, and the Jakarta Theological Seminary.^[1] Malo became a student activist and joined the Indonesian Christian Student Movement (GMKI), where he became the chair of the movement's branch in Jakarta from 1962 to 1963. At the 10th congress of the movement, which was held in Manado from 12 to 28 September 1965, Malo was elected as GMKI's secretary general under chairman Kilian Sihotang.^[6]

As secretary general, Malo became one of the key figures of the anti-Sukarno student protests, although not as prominent as other GMKI members. Due to his high position in GMKI, Malo frequently travelled to other provinces to provide instruction to GMKI branches. His instructional speeches to these branches were mostly inspired by his father's sermons. He served as secretary general until the 11th congress, which was held in Makale from 17 to 30 September 1967.^[4]

After obtaining a bachelor's degree in theology from the seminary, Malo received a scholarship to study sociology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the United States by using his international church connections. During his time in the United States, Malo became a teaching assistant and received a number of fellowships and grant from the United States Agency for International Development, UNESCO, and Ford Foundation.^[5] He was also active in the university's Indonesian student union and was elected as its chairman.^[4] Malo earned his master's degree and doctorate from the university in 1972 and 1978, respectively.^[5] His doctorate thesis, titled School Quality and Educational Achievement: A Study on Educational Achievement of Ninth Grade Students in Indonesia in 1976, researched the willingness of final-year junior high school students to pursue further education.^[7]

Upon receiving his doctorate, Malo joined the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Indonesia (UI) and became a sociology lecturer. He was well-liked by student and received a "most favorite" lecturer award from the students.^[4] After a few years of lecturing, by 1981 he was named as deputy dean for academic affairs by dean Tobias Soebekti, serving in the position for the remainder of Soebekti's term until 1982. During this period, he also worked as a consultant for the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology and the research and development agency of the Department of Education and Culture.^[5]

Tobias's term expiry in 1982 coincided with the ascension of military historian Nugroho Notosusanto as the university's rector. Nugroho appointed a number of non-UI alumni to important position in the faculty, including Malo as the faculty's dean and Ramzy Tadjudin as deputy dean for student affairs.^[8] He was installed by Nugroho for a second term on 23 February 1985, a few months before Nugroho's death.^[9]

As dean, Malo oversaw major changes to the faculty's management and structure. Early in his term, the faculty's name was changed to the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, in accordance with a presidential decree issued on 7 September 1982. He implemented an open management system and adjusted the faculty's academic system to the credit system.^[10] He initiated short term courses for provincial parliament members, which was part of a cooperation with the Department of Home Affairs training agency.^[11]

During his tenure, two new departments became part of the faculty. The anthropology department was transferred to the faculty from the faculty of letters on 27 June 1983^[12] and the international relations department was established in July 1985 after previously being part of the political science department.^[10] Malo ended his tenure as dean on 1 March 1988 and was replaced by Juwono Sudarsono, who would later become Indonesia's defence minister.^[13]

After his deanship, Malo continued his activity in the academia and the government. He retained his leadership of the Inter-University Center for Social Sciences, a role that he had assumed since 1986. Malo was appointed as the expert staff for socio-economic affairs to the Coordinating Minister for Economics, Finance, Industry and Development Supervision Radius Prawiro in 1989.^[5] In 1998, Malo received the Satyalancana Karya Satya, 2nd Class award and was appointed as a full professor in sociology.^[14] Outside UI and the government, Malo established the Widuri School of Social and Political Sciences and its supporting foundation, the Widuri Foundation.^[15] Malo became the chairman of the school's postgraduate programme.^[14]