Marilyn Diptych

Pop artist Andy Warhol began his career in the 1950s as a commercial illustrator in New York City, producing advertisements for I. Miller shoes and illustrations for publications including Glamour, Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, and The New York Times.^[2] By the early 1960s, he had transitioned into Pop art, creating works based on mass-produced consumer imagery such as Campbell's Soup cans and Coca-Cola bottles.^[2]

Actress Marilyn Monroe died from a barbiturate overdose on August 4, 1962, at the age of 36.^[3] She had become one of Hollywood's most recognizable stars during the 1950s after signing with Twentieth Century-Fox, appearing in films such as The Asphalt Jungle (1950), All About Eve (1950), Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), Niagara (1953), and The Seven Year Itch (1955).^[3] Despite her celebrity and commercial success, Monroe often struggled against Hollywood's typecasting of her as a "dumb blonde" stereotype.^[4]

From an early age, Warhol was fascinated by celebrity, fashion, Hollywood, and popular culture.^[5] Growing up in a working-class family in Pittsburgh, he escaped everyday life through movie magazines and by collecting autographs from film stars.^[5] Shortly after Monroe's death, Warhol began producing silkscreen portraits based on a publicity still from Niagara photographed by Gene Kornman.^[6] The image became the basis for a large body of Marilyn works created between 1962 and 1967, including Gold Marilyn Monroe (1962), Flavor Marilyns (1962), the Shot Marilyns (1964), and Marilyn Monroe (1967).^[7][8]

Working in his home studio at 1342 Lexington Avenue, Warhol adopted the silkscreen process, which enabled him to reproduce photographic images repeatedly while preserving minor variations between impressions.^[6] He later described the process in his memoir POPism: the Warhol '60s (1980):

In August '62 I started doing silkscreens. The rubber-stamp method I'd been using to repeat images suddenly seemed too homemade; I wanted something stronger that gave more of an assembly-line.
With silkscreening, you pick a photograph, blow it up, transfer it in glue onto silk, and then roll ink across it so the ink goes through the silk but not through the glue. That way you get the same image, slightly different each time. It was all so simple—quick and chancy. I was thrilled with it. My first experiments with screens were heads of Troy Donahue and Warren Beatty, and then when Marilyn Monroe happened to die that month, I got the idea to make screens of her beautiful face—the first Marilyns.^[9]

Created in the weeks following her death, Marilyn Diptych juxtaposed fifty repeated images of Monroe across two adjoining canvases, with 25 brightly colored faces on one side and 25 progressively faded black-and-white impressions on the other.^[10][11] Warhol initially conceived the canvases as separate works, but during a 1962 visit to his studio, art director and collector Emily Hall Tremaine and her husband Burton Tremaine encountered the still-emerging artist before he had secured gallery representation, at a time when he was selling works directly from his studio himself.^[6] Tremaine later recalled: "He first showed us the black Marilyns, and several pictures later the colored one appeared. I said I thought they should be presented as a diptych, Andy replied 'gee whiz yes' so he brought back the black one, stood it next to the colored one and we all saw we had achieved a very complex and moving statement about Marilyn, so I really felt I was a collaborator!"^[6] The Tremaines purchased both canvases, which thereafter remained a single artwork.^[6]

Around the same period, Warhol also produced related Marilyn works, including Marilyn x 100,^[12] Twenty-Five Colored Marilyns,^[13] Marilyn Monroe Twenty Times,^[14] and The Six Marilyns (Marilyn Six-Pack).^[15]

Marilyn Diptych reflects Warhol's interest in fame, repetition, and the imagery of mass media.^[10] In the monochrome section, Monroe's face gradually deteriorates from a sharp photographic image into blurred and uneven impressions resembling smudged newspaper reproductions, while the colored side features vivid, off-register prints in intense hues.^[15] Art critic David Bourdon noted that Warhol never assigned a definitive meaning to the relationship between the two panels.^[15] Some critics and scholars have frequently interpreted the contrast between the two halves as a meditation on Monroe's public image and mortality, evoking the tension between celebrity, glamour, and death.^{[1][16][10][17]}

Marilyn Diptych was originally owned by art collectors Emily Hall Tremaine and Burton Tremaine, who purchased the painting directly from Warhol in 1962.^[18] In July 1980, the Tremaines sold the work to the Tate Gallery in London for $270,000.^[18]

The work has received critical acclaim, including from Kathleen Davenport, director of the Rice University Art Gallery in Houston, who ranked it the ninth most influential visual artwork in the past 1,000 years.^[19] The Guardian named the painting the third most influential piece of modern art in a survey of 500 artists, critics, and others in 2004.^[20] American academic and cultural critic Camille Paglia, who in Glittering Images (2012) praised the painting for capturing the "multiplicity of meanings" surrounding Monroe's life and legacy.^[21]

• Gold Marilyn Monroe
• Shot Marilyns
• Marilyn Monroe