Marlborough Province

Marlborough split away from the Nelson Province because the majority of the income of the Nelson Provincial Council came from land sales in the Marlborough region, but the funds were mostly used in the Nelson region. Land sales in Nelson and Marlborough netted the council £33,000 and £160,000, respectively. Of that, £200 was expended benefiting the Marlborough region. Marlborough settlers successfully petitioned for a split from Nelson.^[3] Another reason was that large landholders feared the growing influence of smaller farmers and urban residents. By splitting Marlborough Province off with its large farms, it was easier for these landholders to control the provincial council.^[4]

When the province was formed, Sir Thomas Gore Browne, the Governor of New Zealand, named it after John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. The settlement of Blenheim was subsequently named after the Battle of Blenheim (1704), where troops led by the Duke defeated a combined French and Bavarian force at the village of Blenheim (Blindheim) in Germany.^[5]

Marlborough Province was notable for its intense personal rivalries among its politicians. This led to a farcical change of capital between the two main towns, Blenheim and Picton. Sources conflict as to the exact sequence of events. However, the Order in Council establishing the province^[1] states: ″And the Governor ... constitute the town of Picton, heretofore called Waitohi, to be the capital of the said Province of Marlborough.″ By 1866, the capital of the province had moved to Blenheim.^[6] In a symbolic way, government buildings in both Blenheim and Picton burned down some months after the abolition of the provincial system.^[6]

Marlborough was not systematically settled like other regions, but capital-rich settlers from the Nelson area spilled over who wanted to invest in large land holdings. Frederick Weld was the first in 1847 to land sheep at Port Underwood, a sheltered harbour which forms the north-east extension of Cloudy Bay in the Marlborough Sounds. Because of its early start in sheep farming, other South Island areas were stocked from here.^[7]

New Zealand law provides an anniversary day for each former province. Marlborough celebrates its founding on a Monday near 1 November each year.

Marlborough Province had five superintendents:^[8]

• Picton Institute Act 1864