Marseilleviridae
Family of viruses
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Marseilleviridae is a family of viruses first named in 2012.[1] The genomes of these viruses are double-stranded DNA. Amoeba are often hosts, but there is evidence that they are found in humans as well.[2][3][4][5] The family contains one genus and four species, two of which are unassigned to a genus.[6][7] It is a member of the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses clade.
| Marseilleviridae | |
|---|---|
Virus classification  | |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Varidnaviria |
| Kingdom: | Bamfordvirae |
| Phylum: | Nucleocytoviricota |
| Class: | Megaviricetes |
| Order: | Pimascovirales |
| Family: | Marseilleviridae |
| Genera | |
| |
Taxonomy
The genus contains the following genera and species:[7]
- Marseillevirus
- Marseillevirus massiliense
- Marseillevirus senegalense
- Losannavirus:
- Losannavirus lausannense
- Losannavirus tunisense
Related Viruses
Additional species have since been recognized.[1] The first member of this family recognized has been named Acanthamoeba polyphaga marseillevirus. A second member is Acanthamoeba castellanii lausannevirus. Two additional viruses have been isolated but have yet to be named. Another member of this family has been isolated from blood donors.[4] An isolate from insects—Insectomime virus—has also been reported.[8]
The viruses appear to fall into at least 3 lineages: (1) Marseillevirus and Cannes8virus (2) Insectomime and Tunisvirus and (3) Lausannevirus. A sixth potential member of this family—Melbournevirus—appears to be related to the Marseillevirus/Cannes8virus clade.[9]
A seventh virus—Brazilian Marseillevirus—has been reported.[10] This virus appears to belong to a fourth lineage of virus in this family.
Another virus—Tokyovirus—has also been reported.[11]
Another member of this family is Kurlavirus.[12]
In 2017, it was proposed that the family contained the following five lineages:[13]
Lineage A
- Cannes 8 virus
- Marseillevirus marseillevirus
- Marseillevirus shanghai
- Melbournvirus
- Senegalvirus
- Tokyovirus
Lineage B
- Kurlavirus
- Lausannevirus
- Noumeavirus
- Port-miou virus
Lineage C
- Insectomime virus
- Tunisvirus
Lineage D
- Brazilian marseillevirus
Lineage E
- Golden marseillevirus
Another putative member of this family is Marseillevirus shanghai. If this virus is confirmed, it would belong to the A lineage.
Structure
Viruses in Marseilleviridae have icosahedral geometries. The diameter is around 250 nm. Genomes are circular, around 372kb in length. The genome has 457 open reading frames.[6]
| Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic arrangement | Genomic segmentation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unassigned | Head-Tail | T=16 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
| Marseillevirus | Icosahedral | Circular |
Life cycle
DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. Amoeba serve as the natural host.[6]
| Genus | Host details | Tissue tropism | Entry details | Release details | Replication site | Assembly site | Transmission |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marseillevirus | Amoeba | None | Fusion | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Diffusion in Water |