McArthur Lake Wildlife Corridor

The McArthur Lake Wildlife Corridor forms a route between the Selkirk and Cabinet mountains, and is used by species such as grizzly bear, elk and wolverine to reach the Idaho Panhandle and the Kootenai National Forest.^[1] The corridor connects the Selkirk and Cabinet-Yaak grizzly bear recovery zones.^[2] It takes its name from McArthur Lake, which lies in the center of the corridor.^[3]

Highway 2/95 from Sandpoint to Bonners Ferry runs through the corridor.^[4] The corridor is also crossed by the Union Pacific Railroad and the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway.^[5] The corridor's concentration area extends along the highway for approximately 11 miles (18 km). Development for about 1 mile (1.6 km) on each side of the highway includes buildings, fences, roads and driveways.^[5] The many access roads along this stretch of the highway make fencing difficult.^[6]

McArthur Lake Wildlife Corridor is in a scenic area of Idaho.^[7] It contains conifer forests, forested or shrub wetlands and swamps, streams and rivers.^[8] The high-quality cold water streams are home to the only populations of interior redband trout known in Idaho, and are key to recovery of the threatened bull trout.^[9] Animals that migrate through the corridor include American black bear (Ursus americanus), Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), elk (Cervus canadensis), gray wolf (Canis lupus), grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), moose (Alces americanus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and wolverine (Gulo gulo).^[8] The corridor supports six species that are federally listed or candidates to be considered threatened or endangered, and many others that are rare and sensitive.^[10]

As well as being a linkage area between the Selkirk and Cabinet Mountains the MLWC provides a winter range for moose and white-tailed deer. In the spring and early summer it is a natal area for several species of ungulate, who are at risk as they move around and cross the highway. In the summer it is more important for grizzlies. In fall and winter it is a residence area for ungulates.^[6] The corridor is known as an excellent area for hunting and fishing. Hunters target elk, mule deer, moose, white-tailed deer, black bear, mountain lion, waterfowl and upland game birds.^[9] The public also uses the corridor for hiking and berry picking.^[7]

The area has the greatest number of collisions with wildlife in Idaho.^[11] The animals move down to lower land in the winter, taking them to the Highway 95 area, called the "McArthur Killing Fields" by an employee of the Idaho Department of Transportation.^[12] In the winter of 1996 northern Idaho received an exceptional 19 feet (5.8 m) of snow, which forced deer, elk and moose to move down to the area around Route 95. The animals could easily cross the 2 feet (0.61 m) snow banks, but became confused and vulnerable on the icy highway. At least 200 deer were killed by collisions with cars that winter, as well as a few moose and elk.^[5] As of 2009 about 6,600 vehicles crossed the wildlife corridor daily on the highway. It was the top place for wildlife collisions in the state, with 34 collisions in 2007.^[12] Animals other than birds killed by vehicles are, in order of frequency, white-tailed deer, turtles, otter, moose, elk and wolverine.^[12]

At one stage there was funding for an underpass in the concentration area of the corridor, but for various reasons this was lost. When the culvert at the McArthur Lake Dam on Deep Creek is replaced by a bridge, that would be used to provide a passageway for wildlife. To the south of the culvert the topography and high water table make it difficult to install structures for wildlife crossings.^[12]

The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) under its Cabinet Yaak Wildlife Corridors program has given funding to The Nature Conservancy to provide safer passage of people and wildlife in the corridor.^[13] In January 2012 the NWFW granted $99,268 towards the McArthur Lake Wildlife Safety Project, which would attempt to reduce collisions between wildlife and vehicles on Highway 95 near Bonners Ferry. The Nature Conservancy was to match the Foundation funds, and to work with the Kootenai Valley Resource Initiative to implement the improvements, which would be selected based on cost-benefit analysis. These could include wildlife fencing and systems to detect animals and alert motorists.^[11]