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Medinan surah

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A Medinan surah (Arabic: سورة مدنية, romanized: Surah Madaniyah) of the Quran is one that was revealed at Medina after Muhammad's hijrah from Mecca. They are the latest 28 Surahs. The community was larger and more developed, in contrast to its minority position in Mecca.[1]

The Medinan Surahs occur mostly at the beginning and in the middle of the Qur'an (but are said to be the last revealed surahs chronologically), and typically have more and longer ayat (verses). Due to the new circumstances of the early Muslim community in Medina, these surahs more often deal with details of moral principles, legislation, warfare (as in Surah 2, al-Baqara), and principles for constituting the community. They also refer more often to the community with "O people!" and at times directly address Muhammad or speak of him as "an agent acting in combination with the divine persona: 'God and his messenger' (Q 33:22)".[2]

The division of surahs into 'Meccan surahs' and 'Medinan surahs' is primarily a consequence of stylistic and thematic considerations, which Theodor Noldeke used to develop his famous chronology of the Qur'anic suras. Classification of the surahs into these periods is based upon factors such as the length of the verse and the presence or absence of certain key concepts or word (e.g. al-Rahman as name of God).[3][2]

Characteristics of Medinan surahs

Following are some of the stylistic and subject characteristics of Medinan Surahs:

  1. Mention of 'Jihad' and detailing on its rulings.[citation needed]
  2. Details of Islamic jurisprudence[4] and legal system[5] as well as laws governing family, money transaction, international law, and acts of worship.[citation needed]
  3. Mention of 'Munafiq' and dealing with hypocrites.[citation needed]
  4. Any verse that starts with يا أيها للذين آمنوا O you who believe.[citation needed]
  5. Discussion in regards to the People of the Book.[citation needed]

The Medinan phase

The Medinan phase lasted approximately 10 years. The phase began from Muhammad's hijrah to Medina; and ended with the death of Muhammad. While the themes of the Meccan surahs remain, the Muslims growing into more of a community and the formation of Ummah, now is clear.[6]

Chronological order of Medinan surahs

The order of the 28 surahs, is as follows:

More information Order, Sura Name ...
Order Sura Name Number Note
87 Al-Baqara 2 Except v. 281 from Mina at the time of the Last Hajj
88 Al-Anfaal 8 Except v. 30-36 from Mecca
89 Aal-i-Imraan 3
90 Al-Ahzaab 33
91 Al-Mumtahana 60
92 An-Nisaa 4
93 Az-Zalzala 99
94 Al-Hadid 57
95 Muhammad 47 Except v. 13, revealed during the Prophet's Hijrah
96 Ar-Ra'd 13
97 Ar-Rahmaan 55
98 Al-Insaan 76
99 At-Talaaq 65
100 Al-Bayyina 98
101 Al-Hashr 59
102 An-Noor 24
103 Al-Hajj 22 Except v. 52-55, revealed between Mecca and Medina
104 Al-Munaafiqoon 63
105 Al-Mujaadila 58
106 Al-Hujuraat 49
107 At-Tahrim 66
108 At-Taghaabun 64
109 As-Saff 61
110 Al-Jumu'a 62
111 Al-Fath 48 Revealed while returning from Hudaybiyya
112 Al-Maaida 5 Except v. 3, revealed at Arafat on Last Hajj
113 At-Tawba 9 Except v. 128-129, the last two verses, from Mecca
114 An-Nasr 110 Revealed at Mina on Last Hajj, but regarded as Medinan sura
Source(s) [7]
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