Mir Shams-ud-Din Araqi

Araqi was born in Kundala, a village near Suliqan, to Darvish Ibrahim and Firuza Khatun. Darvish was a Sufi dedicated to Muhammad Nurbakhsh Qahistani while Firuza was descended from a Sayyid family from Qazvin.^[5] As an adolescent, Araqi first encountered Nurbakhsh when the latter arrived in Suliqan but was told by Nurbakhsh himself not to engage in Sufi devotions due to family responsibilities. Soon after Nurbaksh's death around 1464, Araqi visited his grave and chose to follow the Noorbakshia path.^[5]

Soon after deciding to join the Noorbakshia order, Araqi spent nineteen years traveling and studying under various khanqah masters throughout Iran and Iraq. He eventually rose in the order's hierarchy and became settled in Durusht near Tehran under master Qasim Fayzbakhsh.^[6]

When Timurid Sultan Husayn Bayqara invited Qasim to join his court at Herat, Araqi accompanied him. In Herat, Araqi apparently undertook a mission for Bayqara to investigate if a king from Iraq was planning to conquer parts of Khurasan under Timurid control. Once back in Herat after determining that the plans were untrue, Araqi and Qasim were given rewards and elevated positions within the court.^[7]

Soon after the earlier mission, Araqi was sent as an envoy of Bayqara to Kashmir under the pretext of a diplomatic visit to the Kashmir royal court and gathering medicinal herbs for Qasim.^[7] However, the embassy is not mentioned in Timurid histories and Qasim seems to have been the main supporter of the mission, likely meaning that the main purpose of the assignment was to expand the Noorbakshia order into Kashmir.^[8]

From Herat, Araqi traveled to Multan and eventually arrived in Kashmir at around 1483. He was greeted by Sultan Hasan Shah and subsequently resided in Kashmir for 8 years.^[9] Initially taking the role of an ambassador, he eventually became an independent religious missionary. Araqi established himself in various khanqahs or other venues during his stay and attracted followers to his order. However, Araqi also faced several political conflicts with other scholars in the royal court during this period.^[10] Around 1491, Araqi left Kashmir to return to Durusht but appointed one of his students, Mulla Ismail, to lead the order.^[11]

Araqi returned to Kashmir in 1503 after hearing that Mulla Ismail was allegedly going against the rules given to him over initiation and expansion of the order, although the unforeseen success of the order was likely what actually convinced Araqi to return. The Noorbakshia order throughout the rest of Araqi's life saw the order attain significant success along with influence in Kashmiri politics.^[12] He was able to convert several nobles and other powerful figures to the order.^[12]

While sources do not give a specific year in which Araqi died, common dates given include 1515^[16] and 1526.^[17] He was buried at Zaddibal in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir.^[16] His body was later shifted to Chadoora for unknown reasons, and buried in a dargah (tomb shrine).^[16]

He is considered by some to be the effective founder of Shia Islam in Ladakh and Gilgit–Baltistan, as well as in the rest of Jammu and Kashmir and its adjoining areas.^[18][16]

• Bashir, Shahzad (2003). Messianic Hopes and Mystical Visions: The Nūrbakhshīya Between Medieval and Modern Islam. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781570034954