Mohammed el Kebir

He was the son of a bey of Titteri called Othman al-Kurdi. His date of birth is unknown, although it is known that the Khaznadar (treasurer) of the dey estimated that he was between 40 and 45 years old when he met him in 1779. Mohammed was appointed caïd of Flitta, an important position in the western beylik. He was appointed by Baba Mohammed Ben-Osman.^[1] He was appointed as khalifa (supreme military commander) of the Western Beylik in 1768, and in 1775 during the reign of Ibrahim of Miliana he valiantly led more than 4,000 fighters from the Western Beylik during the Spanish Invasion of Algiers in 1775.^[2] He played no small part of the battle and is said to have led a brilliant cavalry charge against the Spanish troops camped around El Harrach.^[3] In 1776 Ibrahim of Miliana died, and despite his wild popularity and great honor, Mohammed was discarded in favor of a very rich and influential man called "Hadj Khrellil".

Hadj Khrellil died in 1779, after which Mohammed became bey of Mascara. Possessing good revenues, he decided to invest in the economy and the well-being of his people. He stomped out the famine which had started under Hadj Khrellil and opened soup kitchens in the palace of Mascara to alleviate starvation.^[3] He also invested in education of the region, building a new madrasa and library in Mascara, and renovating several old and crumbling schools in Tlemcen and Mostaganem.^[3] He also wished to increase control over the Sahara, and led several expeditions to pacify and subjugate autonomous cities and oases in the northern Sahara.^[4] He was a greatly respected leader and the bey of Tunis and the Sultan of Morocco regularly exchanged gifts with him.^[3] During his reign a small gold mine was discovered, further boosting his income.^[5] His best known achievement was recapturing Oran from the Spaniards in 1792, of which several qasidas were written.^[6] He moved his capital to Oran, and died in 1796. His reign was one of the last positive ones for Oran, and after his death, the beylik of the West began to decline thanks to corruption and inaction, which persisted until the last bey of Oran, Hassan Bey, capitulated to the French in 1831.