Mummy Juanita

The girl who became known as Juanita was discovered in September 1995 during an ascent of Mount Ampato, a 6,300 m; 20,700 ft volcano in the Andes of southern Peru. While investigating an Inca ceremonial site near the summit, anthropologist Johan Reinhard and Peruvian mountaineer Miguel Zárate found a burial bundle in a crater below.^[3][8] Ice melt and erosion had exposed the site, causing the bundle to fall from its original location on the mountain.^[3][8]

The bundle contained the frozen body of a young girl.^[3] Juanita's remains and the objects buried with her were transported to Arequipa, Peru, to prevent thawing during conservation and study.^[3]

The discovery led to further archaeological investigations on Mount Ampato. In October 1995, an expedition led by Reinhard and Peruvian archaeologist José Antonio Chávez recovered two additional frozen child mummies, a girl and a boy. A third female mummy was recovered from the mountain in December 1997.^[9]

Juanita was discovered almost entirely frozen on Mount Ampato.^[10] Freezing temperatures at high altitude preserved her body in exceptional condition, including her internal organs, hair, blood, skin, and stomach contents.^[10]

Unlike many archaeological human remains, Juanita was preserved primarily by freezing rather than desiccation. The survival of soft tissues and internal organs allowed researchers to study her diet, health, genetic ancestry, and injuries in unusual detail.^[10] Because of the condition of her remains, Juanita has been described as one of the best-preserved mummies from the Andes.^[10]

They also found many items that had been left as offerings to the Inca gods including llama bones, small figurines and pottery pieces. The items were strewn about the mountain slope, down which the body had fallen. These included statues, food items (maize kernels and cob), and Spondylus shells, which originate from ocean ecosystems.^[11] These have been connected to rain ceremonies throughout the Incan Empire.^[11] The clothing she wore resembled textiles from the elite from Cusco, the Inca capital. As Juanita is the closest discovered sacrifice to Cusco and was found with textiles of the wealthy, archaeologists believe that this could suggest she came from a noble Cusco family.^[12]

Juanita was wrapped in a brightly coloured burial tapestry (or "aksu"). Her head was adorned with a cap made from the feathers of a red macaw, and she wore a lively woollen alpaca shawl fastened with a silver clasp. She was fully clothed in garments resembling the finest textiles from the Inca capital city of Cusco. These accoutrements were almost perfectly preserved, providing valuable insight into sacred Inca textiles and on how the Inca nobility dressed. Found with her in the burial tapestry was a collection of grave goods: bowls, pins, and figurines made of gold, silver, and shell.

Juanita's body was transported to Johns Hopkins Hospital in the United States in 1996, where researchers conducted computed tomography (CT) scans and other non-destructive examinations of her remains.^[3]

Genetic testing conducted by the Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) found that Juanita belonged to a maternal lineage common among Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Researchers identified her mitochondrial DNA as belonging to haplogroup A2, one of the major Native American mitochondrial haplogroups.^[13] Early comparisons suggested similarities with the Ngäbe people of Panama, although later research found genetic patterns more consistent with populations from the Andes.^[13]

Researchers also identified a unique genetic sequence within Hypervariable Region 2 (HV2) that was not present in the mitochondrial DNA databases available at the time of the study.^[13] Her reported mitochondrial haplotype is 16111T, 16223T, 16290T, and 16319A.^[14]

Juanita is believed to have been sacrificed between 1440 and 1480 CE as part of a capacocha (qhapaq hucha) ceremony, a major ritual of the Inca Empire that often involved the sacrifice of children at sacred sites.^[11] Children selected for sacrifice were regarded as ritually pure and could be brought from across the empire to Cusco, the Inca capital, before undertaking journeys to mountain shrines where the sacrifices took place.^[15]

Juanita was sacrificed on Mount Ampato in the Andes of southern Peru, one of several high mountains used by the Inca for ceremonial offerings.^[11] Archaeologist Johan Reinhard has suggested that the sacrifices carried out on Ampato may have been connected to drought conditions, volcanic eruptions, or both, because such events threatened local water supplies and grazing lands.^[11] The nearby Misti and Sabancaya volcanoes erupted during the 15th century, and archaeologist José Antonio Chávez Chávez has linked these eruptions to the sacrificial offerings found on Ampato.^[16] Other researchers have interpreted capacocha as a political practice that helped reinforce imperial authority across the expanding Inca Empire.^[15]

Archaeological and biochemical studies of Inca child sacrifice indicate that coca and chicha were commonly used in capacocha rituals.^[15] Isotopic analyses of other capacocha victims suggest that selected children often experienced significant dietary changes before sacrifice, including increased consumption of maize and animal protein, foods associated with elite status.^[15] Analysis of Juanita's stomach contents indicates that she consumed a meal of vegetables approximately six to eight hours before her death.^[17]

Scientific examination of Juanita's remains indicates that she died from a forceful blow to the head. Radiologist Elliot K. Fishman identified a fractured right eye socket and a skull fracture measuring approximately 5 cm (2.0 in), injuries that caused severe bleeding within the skull.^[18] Blunt-force trauma was one of several methods used in Inca child sacrifice, alongside strangulation and suffocation.^[15]

Shortly after her discovery, Time magazine named Juanita one of the world's ten most important discoveries of 1995.^[6] Between May and June 1996, her remains were exhibited at the headquarters of the National Geographic Society in Washington, D.C., in a specially acclimatized conservation display.^[7] The discovery was also the subject of a feature article in the June 1996 issue of National Geographic.^[7]

Since 1996, Juanita's remains have been housed at the Museo Santuarios Andinos of the Catholic University of Santa María in Arequipa, Peru.^[4] In 1999, she was exhibited in Japan.^[5]

Nearly three decades after her discovery, a forensic facial reconstruction created by Swedish archaeologist and sculptor Oscar Nilsson was unveiled in Arequipa in 2023. Using scans of Juanita's skull, DNA evidence, and other anthropological data, the reconstruction produced a life-sized depiction of how she may have appeared during her lifetime.^[19]

• Children of Llullaillaco
• Chinchorro mummies
• Inca Mummy Girl
• List of unsolved murders (before 1900)
• Ötzi, also known as The Iceman
• Siberian Ice Maiden
• Plomo Mummy