National Movement for Democracy and Development

The MNDD was established in 1990 by Bertin Borna, who was popular in the north of the country.^[1] It contested the 1991 elections as part of three-party alliance alongside the Movement for Solidarity, Union and Progress (MSUP) and the Union for Democracy and National Reconstruction (UDRN). The three parties received 8% of the vote and won six of the 64 seats in the National Assembly.^[2]

The alliance split prior to the 1995 elections, with the MNDD running alone and the other two remaining in an alliance. The MNDD won a single seat (taken by Borna)^[3] with 2% of the vote, whilst the MSUP–UDRN alliance received 1% of the vote and failed to win a seat.