Norfolk and Suffolk-class lifeboat

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NameNorfolk and Suffolk-class
BuildersVarious
Operators RNLI and others
Built1807–1925
RNLB James Leith (ON 607) in the RNLI Heritage Collection at Chatham Historic Dockyard
Class overview
NameNorfolk and Suffolk-class
BuildersVarious
Operators RNLI and others
Built1807–1925
In service1807–1953
General characteristics - sailing lifeboats
Length30 to 46 ft (9.1 to 14.0 m)
Beam10 to 12 ft (3.0 to 3.7 m)
Crew16–22
General characteristics - motor lifeboats
Displacement14-17 tons
Length46 ft 6 in (14.17 m)
Beam12 ft 9 in (3.89 m)
Installed power40 bhp to 80 bhp
PropulsionSingle screw
Speed8 kn (9.2 mph; 15 km/h)
Range~115 nmi (132 mi; 213 km)
Crew13

Norfolk and Suffolk-class lifeboats were a class of lifeboat operated almost exclusively off the coast of East Anglia. The first boats found favour with the various rescue societies, such as the Norfolk Shipwreck Association and the Suffolk Humane Society, as well as companies of Boatmen, such as the Gorleston Rangers, before being adopted and continued by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI).

Purpose-built lifeboats first appeared towards the end of the 18th century. Some of the first were designed by Lionel Lukin who adapted local boat designs to be more buoyant so they could operate safely in rough seas. He designed one for the Suffolk Humane Society in 1807 for use at Lowestoft. It was based on a local yawl with a shallow draft, and sails so it could reach offshore sandbanks, but oars were also provided.[1]

St Paul (ON 406) (Unrestored) in the RNLI Heritage Collection at Chatham Historic Dockyard

The design proved successful and was adopted by other lifeboat services in East Anglia including the Norfolk Shipwreck Association. The Suffolk Humane Society merged with the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) in 1855 as did the Norfolk Shipwreck Association in 1857.[2]

The RNLI continued to build lifeboats to the Norfolk and Suffolk design, and stationed them at other places on the east coast, between the River Thames and the Humber.[3]

The Norfolk and Suffolk-class lifeboat were usually of a larger size, typically being around 42 ft (13 m) in length. The boat were non-self-righting, but usually had a broad beam for stability, typically 11–12 ft (3.4–3.7 m). However, some smaller Norfolk and Suffolk-class lifeboats, around 30–34 ft (9.1–10.4 m) in length, were produced for closer inshore work, and are generally referred to as 'Surf-Boats'.

The last Norfolk and Suffolk-class lifeboat was built in 1925 and was in use until 1953. The design evolved throughout this time, the last boats being built with petrol engines.

Pulling & sailing lifeboats

The Lowestoft lifeboat of 1807 was 40 feet (12 m) long and 10 ft (3.0 m) wide. It had wood and cork 'wales' or pads 15 in (380 mm) deep that projected up to 9 in (230 mm) from the sides. Empty 22 in (560 mm) casks along the inside of the sides with two more each at the front and back of the boat to give it buoyancy. An iron keel was fitted and a large volume of water ballast kept it lower in the water so that it cut through the waves instead of riding up and down over them. The water ballast was let in and out by plugs in the bottom to reduce the boat's weight when being launched and recovered from the beach. It had three masts, lug sails and 12 oars.[1]

Most of these features continued to be used in Norfolk and Suffolk lifeboats built during the next 85 years. The empty casks were replaced by detachable wood and canvas air cases along the sides and fixed air boxes in the bow and stern like Palmer-class lifeboats. The water ballast, up to 7 tons of it, was just left in the bottom of the boat so lifeboat crews worked in wet conditions. If too much water was taken on board, the excess drained out through gaps along the side. They were rigged with 2 lug sails.[4][5]

Early Norfolk & Suffolk lifeboat fleet

ON[a] Name Built In service[6][7] Station Comments[8][6][7]
Frances Ann 1807 1807–1850 Lowestoft [Note 1]
Suffolk Humane Society.
Condemned 1850.[1][9]
Braybrooke 1821 1821–1826 Harwich [Note 2] Essex Lifeboat Association.
Sold 1926.
Unnamed 1825 1825–1833 Great Yarmouth [Note 3]
Norfolk Shipwreck Association.
Unknown fate.
Pre-160 Unnamed 1833 1833–1861 Great Yarmouth [Note 4]
Suffolk Humane Society, to RNLI in 1855. Unservicable by 1861.
Pre-195 Marianne 1840 1840–1868 Pakefield [Note 5]
Disposed of at Lowestoft, 1872.
Pre-195 Sisters 1840 1868–1872 Pakefield [Note 6]
Suffolk Humane Society, to RNLI in 1855. Renamed Sisters in 1868.[10]
Solebay 1840 1841–1855 Southwold [Note 7] Condemned 1869. [11]
1855–1869 Kessingland
Pre-218 Unnamed 1846 1846–1865 Caister [Note 8]
Norfolk Shipwreck Association, to RNLI in 1857. Condemned and Sold, 1865.[12]
Pre-229 Victoria 1850 1850–1868 Lowestoft [Note 9]
Suffolk Humane Society, to RNLI in 1855. Renamed Laetitia in 1868.
Pre-229 Laetitia 1850 1868–1876 Lowestoft Condemned and Broken up, 1876.
Rescuer 1853 1853–1868 Gorleston [Note 10]
Capsized with the ultimate loss of 13 crew, 13 January 1866.
Capsized after a collision, with the loss of six crew, 3 December 1867. Transferred to Winterton in 1868.
1868–1878 Winterton
Royal Albert 1854 1854–1894 Scratby [Note 11]
Transferred to Walton-on-the-Naze and renamed True to the Core in 1894.
True to the Core 1854 1894–1897 Walton-on-the-Naze [Note 12]Fate unknown.
28 Harriett 1855 1855–1869 Southwold [Note 13]
Renamed London Coal Exchange in 1869.[13][11]
28 London Coal Exchange 1855 1869–1893 Southwold Sold 1893.
Ranger 1856 1858–???? Gorleston [Note 14]
Service dates and fate unknown.
20 Brave Robert Shedden 1861 1861–1868 Great Yarmouth [Note 15]
Renamed Mark Lane in 1868.
20 Mark Lane 1861 1868–1883 Great Yarmouth [Note 16]
Condemned and Sold, 1889.
1883–1889 Gorleston
Friend of All Nations 1863 1863–1925 Gorleston [Note 17] Sold 1925.
Pre-427 Birmingham No. 2 1865 1865–1878 Caister [Note 18]
Renamed Covent Garden in 1878.
Pre-427 Covent Garden 1865 1878–1883 Caister [Note 19] Condemned 1883.
Refuge 1866 1866–1888 Gorleston [Note 20]
Capsized with the loss of four crew, 10 November 1888. Condemned 1888.[14]
16 Husband 1869 1869–1879 Corton [Note 21] Sold 1892.[15]
1879–1890 Winterton No.2
25 Bolton 1870 1870–1893 Kessingland [Note 22] Sold 1893.
14 British Workman 1870 1870–1893 Palling No.2 [Note 23] Sold 1893.
23 Sisters 1872 1872–1876 Pakefield [Note 24]
Renamed The Two Sisters, Mary and Hannah in 1876.
23 The Two Sisters, Mary and Hannah 1872 1876–1886 Pakefield [Note 25] Sold 1910.
1886–1890 Lowestoft
1890–1910 Pakefield
22 Samuel Plimsoll 1876 1876–1905 Lowestoft [Note 26] Sold 1905.
17 Covent Garden 1882 1883–1899 Caister [Note 27] Sold and Broken up, 1900.
Caroline Hamilton 1883 1883–1893 Lowestoft [Note 28] Sold 1893.
27 Charles Bury 1884 1884–1897 Kessingland No.3 [Note 29] Sold 1897.
233 Mark Lane 1889 1889–1892 Gorleston [Note 30]
Transferred to the Relief fleet, 1892.[11]
Reserve No. 1 1892–1899 Relief Fleet Renamed Margaret on transfer to Winterton No.2, 1899
Margaret 1899–1907 Winterton No.2 [Note 31]
Condemned and Sold, 1907
270 Margaret 1889 1890–1899 Winterton No.2 [Note 32]
Transferred to the Relief fleet, 1899.[16]
Reserve No.1 1899–1902 Aldeburgh Sold 1924.
1902–1924 Relief fleet
Elizabeth Simpson 1889 1889–1926 Gorleston [Note 33]
She was launched on service 119 times, and rescued 441 lives. Motor conversion in 1926. Sold 1948.[17]
288 Stock Exchange 1890 1890–1892 Lowestoft No.2 [Note 34]
Renamed Mark Lane when transferred to Gorleston in 1892.[16]
288 Mark Lane 1890 1892–1921 Gorleston [Note 35] Sold 1922.
Renamed Gorleston, a converted houseboat, broken up at Felixstowe Ferry, 1978.
304 Aldeburgh 1890 1890–1899 Aldeburgh [Note 36]
Capsized with the loss of seven crew, & December 1899. Broken up in 1900.[18][19]
327 Beauchamp 1891 1892–1901 Caister No.2 [Note 37]
Wrecked on service with the loss of nine crew, 13 November 1901.1901 Caister lifeboat disaster.
Sold 1901. Renamed Triton, used as a Broadland trip boat. Broken up in 1966.
Pre ON numbers are unofficial numbers used by the Lifeboat Enthusiast Society to reference early lifeboats not included on the official RNLI list.

Early Norfolk and Suffolk 'Surf-Boats'

ON[a] Name Built In service[7] Station Comments[8][7]
Pre-162 Unnamed 1833 1833–1858 Great Yarmouth No.2 [Note 38] Sold 1858.
19 Unnamed 1859 1859–1866 Great Yarmouth No.2 [Note 39]
Renamed Duff in 1866.
Duff 1866–1875 [Note 40]
Renamed Abraham Thomas in 1875.
Abraham Thomas 1875–1892 [Note 41]
Capsized 18 January 1881 with the loss of six crew. Sold 1892.
15 Anne Maria 1860 1861–1875 Winterton [Note 42]
Renamed Edward Birkbeck in 1875.
Edward Birkbeck 1875–1896 [Note 43]
Condemned and broken up, 1896
18 Boys 1867 1867–1875 Caister No.2 [Note 44]
Renamed Godsend in 1875.
Godsend 1875–1892 [Note 45] Sold 1892.
Acquired by the Frinton Volunteer Lifeboat Society in 1901, and renamed Sailors Friend.
Sailors Friend 1901–1907 Frinton-on-Sea Sold 1907.
26 Grace & Lalley of Broad Oak 1867 1867–1871 Kessingland [Note 46]
Renamed St Michaels, Paddington in 1879.
1871–1879 Kessingland No.2
St Michaels, Paddington 1879–1897 Kessingland No.2 [Note 47] Sold 1897.
Pre-521 George 1869 1870–1881 Lowestoft No.2 [Note 48] Sold 1881.[15]
21 Leicester 1870 1870–1883 Gorleston [Note 49] Sold 1894.
1883–1894 Gorleston No.2
24 Henry Burford, RN 1870 1871–1895 Pakefield [Note 50]
Broken up, 1895.
29 Dorinda and Barbara 1871 1871–1882 Theddlethorpe [Note 51]
Renamed Quiver No.2 in 1882.
29 Quiver No. 2 1871 1882–1897 Southwold No.2 [Note 52]
Displayed at the Imperial Institute in London from 1897 until 1917.
319 Unnamed 1890 1891–1895 Unallocated (Spare) [Note 53].
Used in the Montrose lifeboat trials in 1893. Sold to Crown Agents for Accra, Ghana in 1895.
326 Thora Zelma 1891 1892–1904 Gorleston No.3 [Note 54]
Transferred to the Relief fleet, 1904.
Reserve No. 8 1904–1913 Relief fleet Condemned and Sold, October 1913.
329 John Burch 1892 1892–1912 Great Yarmouth [Note 55] Sold 1919.
Renamed Crescent, last reported as a yacht at St Olaves in the 1970s.

Improved design

Norfolk and Suffolk-class 'Surf-Boat' Nancy Lucy (ON 506)

The RNLI staged a trial of sailing lifeboats in 1892. Of the four different boats, the Norfolk and Suffolk class was deemed the least effective. The trial was held at Lowestoft and that station's two-year-old lifeboat was used. The water ballast proved to be a problem, the boat getting into difficulty in the surf close to the beach before the water ballast could be taken in. Even when properly ballasted, the boat could become unstable as water was able to shift side-to-side and back-and-front. Boats built after the trial had the water ballast constrained in tanks beneath a deck in the centre of the boat where it was not able to shift so much. Valves were fitted to allow water above the deck to drain out. An alteration was also made to the shape of the wales so that waves flowed over them better; in the past they sometimes waves coming from the side got caught under the wale and pushed the boat over the opposite side.[20][1]

Improved Norfolk & Suffolk lifeboat fleet

ON[a] Name Built In service[7] Station Comments[8][7]
351 Hearts of Oak 1893 1893–1917 Palling [Note 56] Sold 1919.
Renamed Mayflower, later Valentina. Broken up at Willow Wren Wharf, Southall, 1990.
352 Bolton 1893 1893–1902 Kessingland [Note 57] Sold 1926.
Renamed Juno, later Ladies of Bolton. Converted houseboat, now holiday accommodation Ole Gal on a farm at Saint Helena, Horsford, Norwich, December 2025.
1902 Aldeburgh
1902–1918 Kessingland
1918–1925 Southwold
353 Alfred Corry 1893 1893–1918 Southwold [Note 58] Sold 1919.
Renamed Alba, Albemarle and Thorfinn. Now on display as Alfred Corry at the Alfred Corry Museum, Southwold, the relocated former Cromer lifeboat house.[11][21]
356 Stock Exchange 1893 1893–1912 Lowestoft No. 2 [Note 59]
Transferred to the Relief fleet, 1912
Reserve No. 1A 1912–1918 Relief fleet Sold 1919.
True to the Core 1897 1897–1909 Walton-on-the-Naze [Note 60]
Motor conversion 45-hp Brooke, 1909. Sold c.1913.
406 St Paul 1897 1897–1918 Kessingland No.2 [Note 61] Sold 1931.
Renamed Stormcock. On display since April 1996 as St Paul in the RNLI Heritage Collection at Chatham Historic Dockyard, December 2025.
1918–1931 Kessingland
430 James Stevens No. 9 1899 1899–1923 Southend-on-Sea [Note 62] Sold 1923.
Renamed Viking. Destroyed by a bomb at Dover in World War II.
431 Covent Garden 1899 1899–1919 Caister [Note 63]
Sold and broken up, 1920.
432 James Stevens No.14 1900 1900–1905 Walton-on-the-Naze [Note 64]
Stood down in 1905 for an engine to be fitted. Returned to service in 1907, see below.[22]
482 City of Winchester 1902 1902–1928 Aldeburgh [Note 65] Sold 1928.
Renamed Ellen Gordon, Houseboat, broken up at Maldon, 1980.[23][24]
543 Kentwell 1905 1905–1921 Lowestoft [Note 66] Sold 1928.
1922–1924 Gorleston
1924–1928 Relief fleet
Sailor's Friend 1907 1907–1917 Frinton [Note 67]
Sank in 1917, subsequently sold.
589 Eleanor Brown 1909 1909–1924 Winterton [Note 68]
Transferred to Relief fleet, 1924.[25]
Reserve No. 1C 1924–1931 Relief fleet Sold 1928.
Renamed Mary. Houseboat at Morston Quay, Blakeney, December 2025.
607 James Leith 1910 1910–1919 Pakefield [Note 69] Sold 1936.
Renamed Robin Hood II, On display since April 1996 as James Leith in the RNLI Heritage Collection at Chatham Historic Dockyard, December 2025.
1919–1929 Caister
1930–1935 Aldeburgh
656 Hearts of Oak 1918 1918–1929 Palling [Note 70] Sold 1934.
Renamed Wander Bird. Last reported as a yacht at Frontignan, France, 2002.
1929–1934 Relief fleet

Improved Surf Boats

ON[a] Name Built In service[7] Station Comments[8][7]
371 Leicester 1894 1894–1923 Gorleston No.2 [Note 71]
Condemned and Sold, 1923.
397 Edward Birkbeck 1896 1896–1925 Winterton [Note 72] Sold 1925.
Renamed Mirosa. Now stored awaiting restoration as Edward Birkbeck at Winterton, Norfolk, December 2025.
405 Rescue 1897 1897–1920 Southwold No.2 [Note 73] Sold 1920.
Renamed Mermaid. Last reported as a houseboat at Horning Broad, August 1969.
506 Nancy Lucy 1903 1903–1929 Caister [Note 74] Sold 1929.
629 Hugh Taylor 1912 1912–1919 Great Yarmouth [Note 75] Sold 1937.
Renamed Johannes J, last reported as a yacht in Dordrecht, NL, 1987.
1919–1922 Pakefield
Reserve No. 1A 1922–1929 Relief fleet
Hugh Taylor 1929–1931 Aldeburgh
1931–1936 Kessingland

Motor lifeboats

See also

Notes

References

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