Ottomar Maddison
Estonian civil engineer and engineering scientist (1879–1959)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ottomar Julius Martin Maddison (31 March 1879 – 30 January 1959) was an Estonian civil engineer, engineering scientist and professor whose career spanned bridge design in the late Russian Empire and the development of higher technical education in Estonia. He designed major railway bridges and viaducts in the Russian Empire, later became one of the central figures in Estonian engineering education, and was elected a full member of the Estonian Academy of Sciences in 1946.[1][2][3]
31 March 1879
Ottomar Maddison | |
|---|---|
Maddison, c. 1930 | |
| Born | Ottomar Julius Martin Maddison 31 March 1879 |
| Died | 30 January 1959 (aged 79) Tallinn, Estonian SSR, Soviet Union |
| Resting place | Metsakalmistu |
| Citizenship | Estonia |
| Education | Tallinna Reaalkool |
| Alma mater | Saint Petersburg Institute of Railway Engineers |
| Occupations | Civil engineer, engineering scientist, professor |
| Known for | Bridge design, structural mechanics, engineering education in Estonia |
| Awards | Order of the Cross of the Eagle, 3rd Class Order of the White Star, 3rd Class |
He taught at the Saint Petersburg Institute of Railway Engineers, the University of Tartu, and what became Tallinn University of Technology. His scholarly work ranged from structural and bridge mechanics to the study of building materials; in the 1940s he became particularly associated with research on the use of oil shale ash as a cementing material in construction.[1][2]
Early life and education
Maddison was born in Tallinn on 31 March 1879 (19 March O.S.) in the family of a shoemaker.[1] He attended Catherine II Tallinn Town School, graduating in 1895, and then the Tallinn Secondary School of Science (Tallinn Reaalkool), graduating in 1899.[1][4] Before entering higher education he also obtained a shoemaker's apprentice certificate.[1]
He enrolled at the Saint Petersburg Institute of Railway Engineers and graduated in 1906 with a gold medal and maxime cum laude honours.[1][5] His doctoral dissertation, completed at the same institution, dealt with the stability of bridge-pier foundations in homogeneous soil; he received the degree of Doctor of Engineering on 27 October 1918.[1]
Engineering career in the Russian Empire
After graduating, Maddison worked for three years as a designer in the Bridges Department of the St Petersburg Tram Lines Building Committee.[1] From 1909 he was employed by the Engineers' Council of the Ministry of Roads of the Russian Empire, and over the following years designed numerous railway bridges and viaducts.[1] Sources credit him with work on bridges over the Volga, Dnieper and Irtysh rivers, as well as tramway bridges in Saint Petersburg.[1][4]
Alongside his design practice, Maddison pursued an academic career. He began teaching at the Saint Petersburg Institute of Railway Engineers in 1908, taught building statics at the Saint Petersburg Polytechnic Institute from 1910 to 1916, and also lectured at other technical institutions in Petrograd.[1] In 1918 he was elected professor of bridge engineering at the Institute of Railway Engineers; in 1919 he served as vice-rector for academic affairs, and in 1920 became head of its strength-of-materials laboratory.[1] During this period he published technical work on the calculation of railway bridges, including a 1917 monograph on bridges located on curves.[1][6]
For his engineering work in the Russian Empire, Maddison received the Order of Saint Stanislaus, 3rd Class, in 1913 and the Order of Saint Anna, 3rd Class, in 1915.[1]
Career in Estonia
Maddison returned to Estonia in 1921 and joined the faculty of the Tallinn Technical School (Tallinna Tehnikum), the main precursor institution of Tallinn University of Technology.[1][4] There he became head of the civil engineering department and established a strength-of-materials laboratory.[1] He was also instrumental in founding the State Testing Centre at the Tallinn Technical School in 1923, regarded as the first engineering research centre in independent Estonia, and served as its director.[1]
Maddison was one of the most prominent public advocates for high-level technical education in Estonia. In public debate he argued against the view that the country was too small to sustain university-level engineering training, emphasizing the quality of the school's laboratories and teaching equipment.[1] These efforts formed part of the institutional development that led to the establishment of the Tallinn Institute of Technology in 1936 and its renaming as Tallinn University of Technology in 1938.[1][7]
At the same time, Maddison continued practical engineering work. After returning to Estonia he designed a railway bridge over the Narva River, later destroyed during the Second World War. In 1930 he designed reinforced-concrete arch bridges on the Tartu–Petseri railway over the Ahja and Võhandu rivers; these were described as the first arch bridges on an Estonian railway line.[1]
From 1930 Maddison also taught at the University of Tartu, initially as a private associate professor in technical mechanics. In 1935 he became professor of technical mechanics and reinforced-concrete structures there, and in 1936 moved to the Tallinn Institute of Technology as professor, a position he held until 1950.[1][5] At the technical university he later headed the department of structural mechanics and construction, and from 1944 to 1947 served as dean of the faculty of civil engineering and mechanics.[1]
Outside academia, Maddison served as chairman of the council of the State Oil Shale Industry from 1927 to 1931, was a member of the Tallinn City Council from 1927 to 1934, and sat on the council of the Chamber of Engineers. He also belonged to standing committees of the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering and the International Union for Testing Materials.[4][2]
Research and teaching
Maddison's research developed from practical problems in engineering and construction. In the 1920s and 1930s, he published and taught widely on structural mechanics, bridge design, reinforced concrete and the strength of materials.[1] He also studied the properties of local construction materials, including gravel, crushed stone, artificial stone, concrete-strength prediction, kukersite asphalt and reinforced brick beams.[1]
His textbooks in technical mechanics were among the early substantial works in the field published in Estonian and helped establish specialist terminology for engineering education in the language.[8] Among his known works are Tehniline mehaanika. II. 3. jagu (1928), its supplementary booklet on curved bars, and Tehnilise mehaanika harjutus-ülesanded (1934).[9][10][11]
In 1940, Maddison began research on the use of oil-shale ash as a binding agent in construction. Although interrupted by the war, this work resumed afterward and became one of his best-known research contributions.[2][1] In 1947, he and the engineer Hugo Oengo received the Soviet Estonia State Prize for the study Põlevkivituhk sideainena ("Oil-shale ash as a cementing agent").[2] He was also the first director of the Institute of Building and Architecture of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, serving from 1947 to 1950.[1][2]
As a teacher, Maddison was remembered as a demanding and influential lecturer. According to later academy accounts, many of his students and younger colleagues—including Nikolai Alumäe, Heinrich Laul, Johannes Aare, Valdek Kulbach, Verner Kikas, Hillar Aben and Uno Nigul—went on to become leading figures in Estonian engineering science.[1][2]
Honours and legacy
Maddison received the Order of the Cross of the Eagle, 3rd Class, in 1930 and the Order of the White Star, 3rd Class, in 1940.[1][12] In 1945 he was granted the title of Honoured Scientist of the Estonian SSR, and in 1946 he was elected a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, one of the academy's first full members after its foundation.[1][7]
He died in Tallinn on 30 January 1959 and was buried at Metsakalmistu.[3][1] In 1971, the largest lecture hall of the civil engineering faculty at Tallinn University of Technology was named in his honour.[1]