Pakubuwono X

His birth name (Javanese: asma timur) was Gusti Raden Mas Sayyidin Malikul Kusna, son of Pakubuwono IX by his queen consort, Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Pakubuwana. By the age of three years old, he was appointed as heir-apparent by the title of Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Anom Hamengkunegara Sudibya Rajaputra Narendra ing Mataram.

His reign corresponded with the political changes happening in the Dutch East Indies at the time, in particular the growth of local indigenous political organizations such as Budi Utomo and Sarekat Islam of which he and the royal family were patrons.^[3]

Pakubuwono X was known to have many concubines, but his main consort was GKR Hemas, the daughter of Sultan Hamengkubuwono VII of Yogyakarta born to his third consort, GKR Kencono. Another consort was GKR Pakubuwono, the daughter of Mangkunegara IV by his primary consort. He was also known major contributor to improvements at the Royal Graveyard of Imogiri, where he is buried.

• Queen consort, Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Pakubuwana, maiden name Gusti Raden Ajeng Sumarti
• Queen consort, Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Hemas, maiden name Gusti Raden Ajeng Mursudarinah
  • Gusti Raden Ajeng Kustiyah, titled Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Pembayun
    • Married Mr. Kanjeng Raden Mas Harya Sis Cakraningrat
• Concubine, Kanjeng Bendara Raden Ayu Ratnapurnama
  • Bendara Raden Mas Abimanyu, titled Bendara Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Kusumayudha, 5th (2nd son)
    • Married Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Hangger, daughter of Sultan Hamengkubuwana VII
  • Bendara Raden Ajeng Kus Rahmaniyah, 10th daughter
    • Married Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Adipati Jayanegara, the patih dalem
  • Bendara Raden Ajeng Ratna Puwasa, styled Gusti Bendara Raden Ayu Adipati Paku Alam, 12th daughter
    • Married Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Arya Paku Alam VII
• Concubine, Raden Ayu Candrarukmi, elevated to Raden Ayu Adipati Sedahmirah
  • Bendara Raden Ajeng Kusniyah, titled Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Alit, first daughter
    • Married her first cousin, Bendara Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Surya Mataram II
  • Bendara Raden Mas Subtandar, died young
• Concubine, Raden Ayu Himbarukmi
  • Bendara Raden Ajeng Antawati, 2nd daughter
    • Married her first cousin, Raden Mas Harya Prawiradiningrat
    • Married her first cousin, Bendara Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Singasari
• Concubine, Raden Widarukmi
  • Bendara Raden Ajeng Pergiwati, 3rd daughter, died young
• Concubine, Raden Ayu Mandayaratna
  • Bendara Raden Mas Antasena, titled Bendara Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Hangabehi, later Pakubuwana XI, 4th (1st son)
• Concubine, Raden Ayu Pandanrukmi
  • Bendara Raden Mas Sumeh, titled Bendara Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Suryabrata, 15th son
• Concubine, Raden Ayu Trengganarukmi
  • Bendara Raden Ajeng Kussalbiyah, 26th daughter
    • Married Kanjeng Raden Mas Tumenggung Harya Purnama Hadiningrat, Bupati of Brebes
• Concubine, Raden Ayu Pradaparukmi
  • Bendara Raden Mas Sudira, titled Bendara Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Suryahamijaya, 32nd son
    • Married Raden Ajeng Suharti, daughter of Kanjeng Raden Adipati Danureja VII
• Concubine, Raden Ayu Sudamarukmi
  • Bendara Raden Mas Sangadi, died young, 39th son
• Concubine, Raden Ayu Pandamrukmi
  • Bendara Raden Ajeng Kusdinah, 45th daughter
    • Married Raden Mas Muladi, titled Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Brotodiningrat
  • Bendara Raden Ajeng Kus Suprapti, 51th daughter
    • Married dr. Kanjeng Raden Tumenggung Padmanegara
    • Married Kanjeng Raden Mas Harya Kusumajati
• Concubine, Raden Ayu Suprabarukmi
  • Bendara Raden Mas Kusen, titled Bendara Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Notoprojo, 49th son
• Concubine, Raden Ayu Kiranarukmi
  • Bendara Raden Mas Subandana, titled Bendara Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Djatikoesoemo, 46th son
  • Bendara Raden Ajeng Kusduryantinah, 52nd daughter
  • Bendara Raden Ajeng Kusbandinah, died young, 59th daughter
  • Bendara Raden Mas Subandriya, titled Bendara Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Priyambada, 60th son
• Concubine, Raden Ayu Wignyarukmi
• Concubine, Raden Ayu Gandarukmi
• Unknown
  • Bendara Raden Mas Indrajit, titled Bendara Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Hadiwijaya, elevated to Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Panembahan Hadiwijaya Maharsitama, 11th son
  • Bendara Raden Ajeng Kustantinah, 21st daughter
    • Married Raden Mas Saparas, titled Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Wuryaningrat
  • Bendara Raden Ajeng Kustarinah, 33rd daughter
    • Married Kanjeng Raden Mas Tumenggung Yudanegara, the patih dalem
    • Married Kanjeng Raden Mas Panji Sasranegara
  • Bendara Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Mr. Jayakusuma, 35th son
  • Bendara Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Harya Mataram

The monarch loved motorcars. In 1894 His Majesty purchased a Benz Victoria Phaeton for a staggering 10,000 guilders,^[4] which for comparison purpose, the same amount of money was at the time, could only be obtained by a common manual labourer in three centuries time of labor.^[5] This, while proving himself as one of the richest monarch of the land at the time, made him the first person to own a car within the territory of Dutch East Indies, preceding by two years from the first car ownership in the Netherlands mainland.

the first public sight of the car is said, due to the car's ability to move by itself without being drawn by horses, left the general mass in such state of fear and awe, that it was nicknamed Kereta Setan (literal translation demonic carriage). The iconic benz still survives to this day, but was taken out of the country for Amsterdam Motor Show in 1924, presumably after the monarch relinquished the ownership, where it remains in the country to this day as part of an exhibition in Louwman Museum.^[6][7]

This in effect made the monarch regarded as a pioneer of the automobile industry in Indonesia. All the while His Majesty continued to expand the growing collection of motorcars, often luxury limousines with big seating capacities to accommodate his big families and entourages while travelling, with some cars is said to still survive in the royal garages in Surakarta, though the condition remains to be a mystery.

After PB X's death, his coffin was transported between Surakarta and Yogyakarta by a NIS train. The remaining journey between Yogyakarta and Imogiri was by royal carriage. His coffin's trip to Imogiri was one of the most photographed royal funeral processions of rulers of his era.

• Pakubuwono