Panaeolus cinctulus
Species of fungus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Panaeolus cinctulus, syn. P. subbalteatus, commonly known as the belted panaeolus,[3] banded mottlegill, or subbs, is a very common, widely distributed psilocybin mushroom.
| Panaeolus cinctulus | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Bolbitiaceae |
| Genus: | Panaeolus |
| Species: | P. cinctulus |
| Binomial name | |
| Panaeolus cinctulus | |
 | |
| Approximate Panaeolus cinctulus range | |
| Synonyms[1][2] | |
|
Agaricus cinctulus Bolton (1791) | |
| Panaeolus cinctulus | |
|---|---|
| Mycological characteristics | |
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is campanulate or convex |
 | Hymenium is adnate or adnexed |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is black |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic |
 | Edibility is psychoactive |
Etymology
Description
The cap is 1.5–6 centimetres (1⁄2–2+1⁄2 in) wide,[3] hemispherical to convex when young to broadly umbonate or plane in age,[4] smooth, hygrophanous, striking cinnamon-brown when moist, soot-black when wet which disappears as the mushroom completely dries out. The outer band is usually darker.[4] The flesh is thin and brownish.[3]
The gills are close, adnate to adnexed, cream-colored when young, later mottled dingy brown then to soot-black.[3] The gill edges are white and slightly fringed, but turn blackish when fully mature.[5] The spore print is black.[6]
The stipe is 4–10 cm long, 1–10 mm thick, equal or tapered at the ends, reddish brown or covered by whitish powder, hollow,[3] no veil remnants, longitudinally white-fibrillose, striate at the apex or twisting vertically down the entire length of the stipe. The stem base and mycelium occasionally stain blue.[3]
The taste is farinaceous (like flour) when fresh, saliferous (salty) when dried. The odor is slightly farinaceous.
Microscopic features
The spores are 11–14 x 7.5–9.5 μm, smooth, elliptical to rhomboid in face view, thick-walled, elliptical in side view.[3][7]
Similar species
Morphologically, P. cinctulus can be easily confused with other species of psilocybin mushrooms.[3] They have a resemblance to P. fimicola and prefer the same habitats, but the latter species has sulphidia on the gill faces.
It can also resemble P. foenisecii and P. olivaceus.[6]
Habitat and formation
Panaeolus cinctulus is a cosmopolitan species that grows solitary to gregarious to cespitose (densely clumped) on compost piles, well-fertilized lawns and gardens, and, rarely, directly on horse dung.[7] It grows from spring to fall, abundantly after rain. It can be found in many regions, including: Africa[8] (South Africa),[8] Austria,[8][9] Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia),[8] Denmark,[9] Finland,[10] France,[8] Germany,[8][9] Great Britain,[8] Guadeloupe,[9] Estonia,[8] Iceland,[8] India,[8] Ireland,[8] Italy,[8] South Korea,[8] Japan,[8] Mexico,[10] New Guinea,[8] New Zealand,[8] Norway,[9] Philippines,[8] Russia,[8] Romania ,[8] Slovenia,[9] South America (Argentina, Chile, Brazil)[8] and the United States (common in Oregon, Alaska, Washington, and both northern and southern California, but known to occur in all 50 states).[9]
According to American mycologist David Arora, P. cinctulus is the most common psilocybin mushroom in California.[3]
It has also been sighted in Melbourne, Australia, Central Queensland, Australia Belgium and the Czech Republic.[9]
Legality
The legal status of psilocybin mushrooms varies worldwide. Psilocybin and psilocin are listed as Class A (United Kingdom) or Schedule I (US) drugs under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[11] The possession and use of psilocybin mushrooms, including P. cinctulus, is therefore prohibited by extension. However, in many national, state, and provincial drug laws, there is a great deal of ambiguity about the legal status of psilocybin mushrooms and the spores of these mushrooms. Panaeolus cinctulus is mildly psychoactive.[4]
In culture
During the early 1900s, these species were referred to as the "weed Panaeolus" because they were commonly found in beds of the commercially grown, grocery-store mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Mushroom farmers had to weed it out from the edible mushrooms because of the psilocybin content.[12]
Gallery
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