Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency
Parliamentary democracy with an executive president
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A parliamentary republic with an executive presidency is a form of parliamentary republic in which the executive derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislature to which it is held accountable, but is characterized by a combined head of state–head of government office in the form of an executive president who carries out both functions. This is in contrast to conventional parliamentary systems (whether a monarchy or a republic) in which the executive is separate from the head of state, and a presidential system where the executive does not derive its legitimacy from the legislature. The president is typically elected by the legislature and must maintain its confidence to remain in office, for which purpose they may be required to hold a seat. This in contrast to more typical parliamentary systems, which do not feature an executive presidency and the president does not answer to parliament and is most commonly elected by popular vote, similarly to executive presidents in presidential systems.
World's states colored by systems of government:
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Parliamentary systems: Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature.Semi-constitutional monarchy: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power but is still restricted by the constitution.
Presidential system: Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature.Presidential republicTheocratic presidential republic: Supreme leader is highest authority; popularly elected president still exists.
Hybrid systems:Semi-presidential republic: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature.Assembly-independent republic: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it.
Other systems:Islamic theocracy: Supreme leader holds unlimited political and religious power; state and faith are a single institution.Military junta: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended.Places without governments.
Note: this chart represents the de jure systems of government, not the de facto degree of democracy.
This method of presidential election is distinct from an assembly-independent republic, in which either the head of government (as in the Federated States of Micronesia) or the directorial executive (as in Switzerland) are elected by the legislature but are not accountable to it. It is also distinct from the semi-presidential system in which the president is separate from the government subject to parliamentary confidence but shares executive power.
National level
| Jurisdiction | Title | Election | Removal | Term limits | Position in cabinet | Power to shape cabinet | Promulgation of laws | Granting pardons | Emergency / War | Other provisions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Botswana | President | The president is elected by parliament (if election results in a hung parliament) and holds a parliamentary seat (ex-officio) | If a vote of no confidence is successful and they do not resign, it triggers the dissolution of the legislature and new elections are called (section 92 of the Constitution). | 2 Terms (10 years in total) |  Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Guyana | President | The president and the legislature are elected directly by the people via double simultaneous vote | The president is constitutionally obligated to dissolve parliament after a successful no-confidence motion against the government ((article 106(6)) and new elections are called within 3 months (article 61)).[1] | 2 Terms (10 years in total) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Kiribati | President | The president is elected by plurality voting after candidates for the presidency are nominated by the newly elected legislature | If a vote of no confidence against the president is successful, they are removed from office and the legislature stands dissolved (triggering a new election for it) in the interim a body known as the "Council of State" (comprising the chief justice, the president of the public service commission and speaker of the legislature) fulfills the functions of the presidency.[2] | 3 Terms (12 years in total) |  No | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| Marshall Islands | President[3] | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
| Nauru | President[4] | The president is elected by parliament | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
| South Africa | President[5] | The president is elected by the National Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, from among its members. | The president may be removed either by a motion of no-confidence or an impeachment trial. | 2 terms (10 years in total) | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (see section 37 of constitution) | The president is required to be a member of the National Assembly at the time of the election. Upon election, the president immediately resigns their seat for the duration of the presidential term. |
| Zimbabwe | President | The president is elected by a joint sitting of the Senate and the National Assembly after every general election. | The president may be removed by an impeachment trial. | 2 terms (14 years in total) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Former
| Jurisdiction | Title | Election | Removal | Term limits | Position in cabinet | Power to shape cabinet | Promulgation of laws | Granting pardons | Emergency / War | Other provisions | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indonesia | President[6] | The president was elected by the People's Consultative Assembly by plurality. (Article 6(2)) | The process of removal was not defined. The president would be replaced by the vice president if there was any vacancy (e.g. died, resigned, or incapable to do their duties). (Article 8) | No term limit was defined. (Article 7) | Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
The 2001 amendments to the Constitution of Indonesia, which had occurred just few months after the ousting of then president Abdurrahman Wahid, replaced this de facto parliamentary system with a purely presidential one.[7] This should not be confused with the parliamentary system of Liberal Democracy period (with prime minister as the head of government), where it was created under the Provisional Constitution of 1950. | |
| The Protectorate | Lord Protector[8] | The Lord Protector was elected by the Council of State. Later under the Humble Petition and Advice the Lord Protector was given the power to nominate a successor. | The process of removal was not defined. | None (served for life) | ? | ? | Yes |
Yes |
No |
The Lord Protector served for life and officially was non-hereditary. | Oliver Cromwell served as first Lord Protector after the Execution of Charles I, first under the Instrument of Government and later the Humble Petition and Advice. After his death his son and designated successor Richard Cromwell was appointed as Lord Protector. Richard Cromwell served only eighth mouths until he was forced to resign and the British Monarchies were restored. |
Sub-national level
Austria
| Austria | Title | Election | Removal | Term limits | Position in cabinet | Power to shape cabinet | Promulgation of laws | Granting pardons | Emergency / War | Other provisions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burgenland | Landeshauptmann | |||||||||
| Carinthia | Landeshauptmann | |||||||||
| Lower Austria | Landeshauptmann | |||||||||
| Salzburg | Landeshauptmann | |||||||||
| Styria | Landeshauptmann | |||||||||
| Tyrol | Landeshauptmann | |||||||||
| Upper Austria | Landeshauptmann | |||||||||
| Vienna | Bürgermeister | |||||||||
| Vorarlberg | Landeshauptmann |
Germany
| Germany | Title | Election | Removal | Term limits | Position in cabinet | Power to shape cabinet | Promulgation of laws | Granting pardons | Emergency / War | Other provisions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baden-Württemberg[9] | Minister-president | Majority of members of parliament | Constructive vote of no confidence | No | guideline competence | limited (cabinet appointments subject to parliamentary approval, the state parliament may recall individual cabinet ministers with a two-thirds majority) | Yes | |||
| Bavaria[10] | Minister-president | Simple majority of members of parliament | None, but if the Minister-president does not resign although they have lost the confidence of parliament, they can be indicted before the state constitutional court | No | guideline competence | limited (cabinet appointments subject to parliamentary approval) | Yes | Yes | ||
| Berlin[11] | Governing Mayor | Simple majority of members of parliament | Vote of no confidence (if the state parliament does not elect a new Governing Mayor within 21 days, the former officeholder is reinvested automatically) | No | guideline competence | full | No (whole cabinet) | |||
| Brandenburg[12] | Minister-President | Majority of members of parliament (first and second ballot), plurality (third ballot) | Constructive vote of no confidence | No | guideline competence | full | Yes | |||
| Bremen[13] | President of the Senate | Simple majority of members of parliament | Constructive vote of no confidence | No | ceremonial precedence | none (the parliament elects and dismisses all cabinet members) | No (whole cabinet) | may not be a member of the state parliament | ||
| Hamburg[14] | First Mayor | Majority of members of parliament | Constructive vote of no confidence | No | guideline competence | limited (cabinet appointments subject to parliamentary approval) | No (whole cabinet) | may not be a member of the state parliament | ||
| Hesse[15] | Minister-president | Majority of members of parliament | Vote of no confidence | No | guideline competence | limited (dismissal of cabinet members subject to parliamentary approval) | Yes | members of noble houses, which have reigned in Germany before 1918, are ineligible for office | ||
| Lower Saxony[16] | Minister-president | Majority of members of parliament or plurality, if the state parliament does not elect a minister-president in 21 days and does not dissolve itself thereupon | Constructive vote of no confidence | No | guideline competence | limited (cabinet appointments subject to parliamentary approval) | Yes | |||
| Mecklenburg-Vorpommern[17] | Minister-president | Majority of members of parliament or plurality, if the state parliament does not elect a minister-president in 28 days and does not dissolve itself thereupon | Constructive vote of no confidence | No | guideline competence | full | Yes | |||
| North Rhine-Westphalia[18] | Minister-President | Majority of members of parliament (first ballot), simple majority (second and third ballot), runoff (fourth ballot) | Constructive vote of no confidence | No | guideline competence | full | Yes | has to be a member of the state parliament | ||
| Rhineland-Palatinate[19] | Minister-president | Majority of members of parliament | Vote of no confidence | No | guideline competence | full | Yes | |||
| Saarland[20] | Minister-president | Majority of members of parliament | Vote of no confidence | No | guideline competence | limited (cabinet appointments and dismissals subject to parliamentary approval) | No (whole cabinet) | |||
| Saxony[21] | Minister-president | Majority of members of parliament (first ballot), simple majority (following ballots) | Constructive vote of no confidence | No | guideline competence | full | Together with president of parliament | Yes | ||
| Saxony-Anhalt[22] | Minister-president | Majority of members of parliament or simple majority, if the state parliament does not elect a minister-president in 14 days and does not dissolve itself thereupon | Constructive vote of no confidence | No | guideline competence | full | Yes | |||
| Schleswig-Holstein[23] | Minister-president | Majority of members of parliament (first and second ballot), plurality (third ballot) | Constructive vote of no confidence | No | guideline competence | full | Yes | |||
| Thuringia[24] | Minister-president | Majority of members of parliament (first and second ballot), plurality (third ballot) | Constructive vote of no confidence | No | guideline competence | full | Yes |
South Africa
| South Africa | Title | Election | Removal | Term limits | Position in cabinet | Power to shape cabinet | Promulgation of laws | Granting pardons | Emergency / War | Other provisions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eastern Cape | Premier | Majority of members of parliament | Vote of no confidence | Two terms maximum | ||||||
| Free State | ||||||||||
| Gauteng | ||||||||||
| Limpopo | ||||||||||
| Mpumalanga | ||||||||||
| Northern Cape | ||||||||||
| North West | ||||||||||
| Western Cape |