Pay as you go ticketing has become possible since the existence of automated fare collection. Fares can be charged automatically from ticket barriers, instead of the earlier form of ticketing, where a prospective passenger must visit a ticket office to buy a ticket, which is valid for a number of specified rides on a specific network / route, or buy a ticket from the conductor on board.
Common stored value ticket was a ticket used on the MTR network in the 1980s and 1990s. Instead of being valid for a single or a number of rides, the ticket was sold at a value, where the fare was deducted after each ride, and recycled by the ticket barrier when it goes out of value. This was a predecessor to stored value cards, developed to be a more durable replacement of magnetic tickets.
Upass in South Korea was the first commercial-used RF card for transportation in the world (first used in June 1996)¹, followed by Octopus card in Hong Kong, which replaced the common stored value tickets. Unlike the common stored value ticket, these stored value cards operate on RFID and can be topped up and reused.
Stored value transport cards are specific to each region, for example, Octopus cards can only be used in Hong Kong, while Oyster cards can only be used in London and a limited surroundings. Although it's a one-time purchase for residents, visitors still need to buy a card specific to the region, and it can be hard to get any remaining value back after leaving.
During the 2010s, public transport providers start to develop contactless payment as an alternative to stored value card. Contactless payment does not require a passenger to buy a stored value card and prepaid credit into it, instead, it is linked to the account specified by the payment method, for example, a credit card or a debit card, and any cards / devices in the global payment network, such as Mastercard, can be used for payment.